112819
Pathway
Protein Synthesis: Leucine
Protein synthesis is an essential life process that builds the important large amino acid macromolecules that function as enzymes, antibodies, and cellular structural components. Although synthesis begins with the transcription of DNA into RNA, this pathway depicts the reactions that occur during translation. Transcribed messenger RNA (mRNA), which contains the genetic code to direct protein synthesis, is transported out of the nucleus and becomes bound to ribosomes in the cytoplasm or endoplasmic reticulum. The amino acids required to assemble polypeptide chains are delivered to the ribosomes using transfer RNA (tRNA). Each tRNA molecule has both a binding site for a specific amino acid and a three-nucleotide sequence called the anticodon that forms three complementary base pairs with an mRNA codon. Charging or loading the appropriate amino acid onto its tRNA is carried out by an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS or ARS), also called tRNA-ligase. This enzyme catalyzes the esterification of an amino acid to one of all its compatible tRNAs to form an aminoacyl-tRNA. Each of the twenty amino acids has a corresponding aa-tRNA made by a specific aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. Ribosomes match the anticodons of the charged tRNA molecules with successive codons of the mRNA. After a match is found, the ribosome transfers the amino acid from the matching tRNA onto the growing peptide chain via a reaction termed peptide condensation, and the tRNAs, no longer carrying amino acids, are released.
Protein
PW112931
Center
PathwayVisualizationContext113207
1080
1600
#000099
PathwayVisualization112682
112819
Protein Synthesis: Leucine
Protein synthesis is an essential life process that builds the important large amino acid macromolecules that function as enzymes, antibodies, and cellular structural components. Although synthesis begins with the transcription of DNA into RNA, this pathway depicts the reactions that occur during translation. Transcribed messenger RNA (mRNA), which contains the genetic code to direct protein synthesis, is transported out of the nucleus and becomes bound to ribosomes in the cytoplasm or endoplasmic reticulum. The amino acids required to assemble polypeptide chains are delivered to the ribosomes using transfer RNA (tRNA). Each tRNA molecule has both a binding site for a specific amino acid and a three-nucleotide sequence called the anticodon that forms three complementary base pairs with an mRNA codon. Charging or loading the appropriate amino acid onto its tRNA is carried out by an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS or ARS), also called tRNA-ligase. This enzyme catalyzes the esterification of an amino acid to one of all its compatible tRNAs to form an aminoacyl-tRNA. Each of the twenty amino acids has a corresponding aa-tRNA made by a specific aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. Ribosomes match the anticodons of the charged tRNA molecules with successive codons of the mRNA. After a match is found, the ribosome transfers the amino acid from the matching tRNA onto the growing peptide chain via a reaction termed peptide condensation, and the tRNAs, no longer carrying amino acids, are released.
Protein
1
107809
Leucine Biosynthesis
SubPathway
106846
540
Compound
8
277850
19426743
Seiradake E, Mao W, Hernandez V, Baker SJ, Plattner JJ, Alley MR, Cusack S: Crystal structures of the human and fungal cytosolic Leucyl-tRNA synthetase editing domains: A structural basis for the rational design of antifungal benzoxaboroles. J Mol Biol. 2009 Jul 10;390(2):196-207. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.04.073. Epub 2009 May 6.
112819
Pathway
277851
12962325
Odintsova TI, Muller EC, Ivanov AV, Egorov TA, Bienert R, Vladimirov SN, Kostka S, Otto A, Wittmann-Liebold B, Karpova GG: Characterization and analysis of posttranslational modifications of the human large cytoplasmic ribosomal subunit proteins by mass spectrometry and Edman sequencing. J Protein Chem. 2003 Apr;22(3):249-58.
112819
Pathway
277852
8706699
Vladimirov SN, Ivanov AV, Karpova GG, Musolyamov AK, Egorov TA, Thiede B, Wittmann-Liebold B, Otto A: Characterization of the human small-ribosomal-subunit proteins by N-terminal and internal sequencing, and mass spectrometry. Eur J Biochem. 1996 Jul 1;239(1):144-9.
112819
Pathway
1
Cell
CL:0000000
2
Platelet
CL:0000233
5
Hepatocyte
CL:0000182
3
Neuron
CL:0000540
4
Cardiomyocyte
CL:0000746
8
Beta cell
CL:0000639
7
Epithelial Cell
CL:0000066
1
Homo sapiens
9606
Eukaryote
Human
2
Bacteria
2
Prokaryote
Bacteria
3
Escherichia coli
562
Prokaryote
12
Mus musculus
10090
Eukaryote
Mouse
17
Rattus norvegicus
10116
Eukaryote
Rat
19
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
4896
Eukaryote
24
Solanum lycopersicum
4081
Eukaryote
Tomato
4
Arabidopsis thaliana
3702
Eukaryote
Thale cress
18
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
4932
Eukaryote
Yeast
21
Xenopus laevis
8355
Eukaryote
African clawed frog
6
Caenorhabditis elegans
6239
Eukaryote
Roundworm
25
Escherichia coli (strain K12)
83333
Prokaryote
49
Bathymodiolus platifrons
220390
Eukaryote
Deep sea mussel
23
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
287
Prokaryote
60
Nitzschia sp.
0001
Eukaryote
Nitzschia4
5
Bos taurus
9913
Eukaryote
Cattle
10
Drosophila melanogaster
7227
Eukaryote
Fruit fly
51
Picea sitchensis
3332
Eukaryote
Sitka spruce
1
Cytosol
GO:0005829
3
Mitochondrial Matrix
GO:0005759
5
Cytoplasm
GO:0005737
14
Mitochondrial Outer Membrane
GO:0005741
2
Mitochondrion
GO:0005739
15
Nucleus
GO:0005634
4
Peroxisome
GO:0005777
13
Endoplasmic Reticulum
GO:0005783
7
Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane
GO:0005789
10
Cell Membrane
GO:0005886
27
Peroxisome Membrane
GO:0005778
31
Periplasmic Space
GO:0005620
11
Extracellular Space
GO:0005615
35
Chloroplast
GO:0009507
12
Mitochondrial Inner Membrane
GO:0005743
32
Inner Membrane
GO:0070258
2
Endothelium
BTO:0000393
1
Liver
BTO:0000759
72
9
7
Nervous System
BTO:0001484
18
Pancreas
BTO:0000988
25
Intestine
BTO:0000648
8
Blood Vessel
BTO:0001102
74
11
2
1
1
1
PW_BS000002
4
3
1
1
PW_BS000004
8
5
1
1
PW_BS000008
16
2
1
2
PW_BS000016
22
14
1
1
PW_BS000022
13
1
2
1
PW_BS000013
32
1
15
1
5
PW_BS000032
5
4
1
1
PW_BS000005
39
7
1
1
3
PW_BS000039
3
2
1
1
PW_BS000003
18
13
1
1
PW_BS000018
10
1
7
1
1
PW_BS000010
49
7
1
1
PW_BS000049
14
10
1
PW_BS000014
58
1
14
1
1
PW_BS000058
59
27
1
1
PW_BS000059
27
15
1
PW_BS000027
46
1
1
4
PW_BS000046
29
1
1
1
PW_BS000029
66
18
5
1
8
PW_BS000066
72
5
1
3
PW_BS000072
61
25
1
7
PW_BS000061
51
8
1
PW_BS000051
23
15
1
1
PW_BS000023
31
1
5
1
1
PW_BS000031
91
8
5
1
1
PW_BS000091
54
1
3
1
5
PW_BS000054
89
2
PW_BS000089
26
1
1
1
5
PW_BS000026
7
1
1
PW_BS000007
97
1
5
2
1
PW_BS000097
100
5
2
1
PW_BS000100
104
14
3
1
PW_BS000104
101
5
3
1
PW_BS000101
111
5
12
1
PW_BS000111
112
2
12
1
PW_BS000112
103
3
3
1
PW_BS000103
117
1
3
1
PW_BS000117
118
1
17
1
PW_BS000118
120
3
17
1
PW_BS000120
129
1
5
12
1
PW_BS000129
132
1
12
1
PW_BS000132
133
3
12
1
PW_BS000133
135
5
17
1
PW_BS000135
108
1
3
PW_BS000108
143
1
5
19
1
PW_BS000143
146
5
19
1
PW_BS000146
107
31
3
PW_BS000107
147
1
24
1
PW_BS000147
151
1
4
1
PW_BS000151
155
3
24
1
PW_BS000155
161
3
18
1
PW_BS000161
166
1
1
PW_BS000166
178
3
21
1
PW_BS000178
188
1
18
PW_BS000024
160
1
18
1
PW_BS000160
199
14
18
1
PW_BS000024
205
5
6
1
PW_BS000024
206
2
6
1
PW_BS000024
210
13
18
1
PW_BS000024
213
7
18
1
PW_BS000024
211
10
18
PW_BS000024
198
5
18
1
PW_BS000024
216
4
18
1
PW_BS000024
217
15
18
PW_BS000024
218
15
18
1
PW_BS000024
163
2
18
1
PW_BS000163
222
3
4
1
PW_BS000024
190
11
18
PW_BS000024
225
35
4
1
PW_BS000024
277
1
2
18
PW_BS000024
170
18
PW_BS000170
281
1
25
1
PW_BS000024
164
4
PW_BS000164
285
10
4
1
PW_BS000024
226
4
4
1
PW_BS000024
290
5
49
1
PW_BS000024
223
12
4
1
PW_BS000024
308
10
1
1
PW_BS000024
315
1
23
PW_BS000024
322
1
23
1
PW_BS000024
318
31
23
PW_BS000024
253
5
4
1
PW_BS000024
134
12
12
1
PW_BS000134
329
14
12
1
PW_BS000028
333
1
2
12
PW_BS000028
336
1
12
1
PW_BS000028
332
1
7
12
1
PW_BS000028
350
1
14
12
1
PW_BS000028
128
15
12
1
PW_BS000128
351
15
12
PW_BS000028
353
25
12
7
PW_BS000028
335
27
12
1
PW_BS000028
115
10
12
PW_BS000115
130
13
12
1
PW_BS000130
331
7
12
1
PW_BS000028
334
4
12
1
PW_BS000028
368
3
60
1
PW_BS000028
184
1
2
1
PW_BS000024
119
2
17
1
PW_BS000119
1
1
PW_BS000001
124
1
5
1
PW_BS000124
94
3
PW_BS000094
388
1
6
1
PW_BS000112
109
32
3
PW_BS000109
122
5
5
1
PW_BS000122
406
3
5
1
PW_BS000115
407
2
5
1
PW_BS000115
382
14
5
1
PW_BS000100
412
1
2
5
PW_BS000115
429
1
5
1
PW_BS000115
123
1
7
5
1
PW_BS000123
433
1
14
5
1
PW_BS000115
408
4
5
1
PW_BS000115
410
15
5
1
PW_BS000115
125
13
5
1
PW_BS000125
383
7
5
1
PW_BS000100
405
10
5
PW_BS000115
422
27
5
1
PW_BS000115
435
15
5
PW_BS000115
399
14
17
1
PW_BS000113
446
1
2
17
PW_BS000115
464
1
17
1
PW_BS000115
447
1
7
17
1
PW_BS000115
468
1
14
17
1
PW_BS000115
374
4
17
1
PW_BS000053
444
15
17
1
PW_BS000115
136
13
17
1
PW_BS000136
398
7
17
1
PW_BS000113
376
10
17
PW_BS000053
472
25
17
7
PW_BS000115
375
27
17
1
PW_BS000053
470
15
17
PW_BS000115
297
5
10
1
PW_BS000024
479
3
10
1
PW_BS000115
299
1
10
1
PW_BS000024
481
2
10
1
PW_BS000115
484
14
10
1
PW_BS000115
485
15
10
1
PW_BS000115
300
13
10
1
PW_BS000024
495
7
10
1
PW_BS000115
478
10
10
PW_BS000115
491
27
10
1
PW_BS000115
499
15
10
PW_BS000115
501
3
6
1
PW_BS000115
389
14
6
1
PW_BS000112
516
15
6
1
PW_BS000115
395
13
6
1
PW_BS000113
390
7
6
1
PW_BS000112
209
10
6
PW_BS000024
508
27
6
1
PW_BS000115
517
15
6
PW_BS000115
502
4
6
1
PW_BS000115
249
13
4
1
PW_BS000024
288
14
4
1
PW_BS000024
306
35
51
1
PW_BS000024
17
12
1
1
PW_BS000017
372
10
2
PW_BS000028
384
12
5
1
PW_BS000100
391
12
6
1
PW_BS000112
121
12
17
1
PW_BS000121
15
11
1
PW_BS000015
187
31
18
PW_BS000024
222
PW_B000222
577
11001
ProteinComplex
1
578
11454
ProteinComplex
1
579
490
ElementCollection
1
233
PW_B000233
621
36
NucleicAcid
1
622
11001
ProteinComplex
1
623
11454
ProteinComplex
1
624
490
ElementCollection
1
414
Adenosine triphosphate
HMDB0000538
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
56-65-5
C00002
5957
15422
ATP
5742
DB00171
NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O
C10H16N5O13P3
InChI=1S/C10H16N5O13P3/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(17)6(16)4(26-10)1-25-30(21,22)28-31(23,24)27-29(18,19)20/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H,21,22)(H,23,24)(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1
ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA-KQYNXXCUSA-N
({[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)phosphonic acid
507.181
506.995745159
-2.05
7
adenosine triphosphate
0
-3
FDB021813
5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate) adenosine;5'-atp;Atp;Adenosine 5'-triphosphate;Adenosine 5'-triphosphorate;Adenosine 5'-triphosphoric acid;Adenosine triphosphate;Adenylpyrophosphorate;Adenylpyrophosphoric acid;Adephos;Adetol;Adynol;Atipi;Atriphos;Cardenosine;Fosfobion;Glucobasin;Myotriphos;Phosphobion;Striadyne;Triadenyl;Triphosphaden;Triphosphoric acid adenosine ester;Adenosine-5'-triphosphate;H4atp;Adenosine triphosphoric acid;Adenosine-5'-triphosphoric acid
PW_C000414
ATP
9
2
21
4
60
8
266
16
414
22
478
13
733
32
799
5
934
39
976
3
2105
18
2112
10
2146
49
2156
14
2160
58
2405
59
2434
27
2726
46
2812
29
3029
66
3163
72
3616
61
3617
51
4399
23
4474
31
4768
91
4864
54
5032
89
5035
26
5155
7
5205
97
5215
100
5250
104
5291
101
5313
111
5346
112
5390
103
5406
117
5430
118
5443
120
5542
129
5556
132
5569
133
5603
135
5621
108
5846
143
5854
146
5876
107
5897
147
5924
151
6048
155
6109
161
6230
166
6493
178
6839
188
6870
160
6976
199
7157
205
7184
206
7209
210
7225
213
7229
211
7298
198
7302
216
7390
217
7408
218
7432
163
7481
222
7499
190
8186
225
11847
277
11903
170
12010
281
12039
164
12178
285
12578
226
12691
290
13264
223
15327
308
42326
315
42621
322
42694
318
77028
253
77218
134
77233
329
77468
333
77632
336
78037
332
78041
350
78168
128
78214
351
78240
353
78411
335
78494
115
78850
130
78865
331
78919
334
80028
368
80046
184
80674
119
85629
1
94826
124
113234
94
113282
388
116280
109
119914
122
119992
406
120154
407
120245
382
120362
412
121246
429
121392
123
121397
433
121471
408
121974
410
122065
125
122079
383
122083
405
122402
422
122444
435
122919
399
123009
446
123816
464
123951
447
123956
468
124029
374
124527
444
124616
136
124630
398
124634
376
124943
472
124972
375
125011
470
125304
297
125371
479
125392
299
125515
481
125595
484
126123
485
126220
300
126234
495
126240
478
126547
491
126596
499
126913
501
127123
389
127731
516
127781
395
127796
390
127801
209
128119
508
128167
517
32
Adenosine monophosphate
HMDB0000045
Adenosine monophosphate, also known as 5'-adenylic acid and abbreviated AMP, is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside adenosine. AMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. AMP can be produced during ATP synthesis by the enzyme adenylate kinase. AMP has recently been approved as a 'Bitter Blocker' additive to foodstuffs. When AMP is added to bitter foods or foods with a bitter aftertaste it makes them seem 'sweeter'. This potentially makes lower calorie food products more palatable.
61-19-8
C00020
6083
16027
AMP
5858
DB00131
NC1=C2N=CN([C@@H]3O[C@H](COP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]3O)C2=NC=N1
C10H14N5O7P
InChI=1S/C10H14N5O7P/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(17)6(16)4(22-10)1-21-23(18,19)20/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1
UDMBCSSLTHHNCD-KQYNXXCUSA-N
{[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}phosphonic acid
347.2212
347.063084339
-2.02
5
adenylate
0
-2
DBMET00485
FDB021806
5'-amp;5'-adenosine monophosphate;5'-adenylate;5'-adenylic acid;Amp;Adenosine 5'-monophosphate;Adenosine 5'-phosphate;Adenosine 5'-phosphorate;Adenosine 5'-phosphoric acid;Adenosine phosphate;Adenosine-5'-monophosphorate;Adenosine-5'-monophosphoric acid;Adenosine-5-monophosphorate;Adenosine-5-monophosphoric acid;Adenosine-monophosphate;Adenosine-phosphate;Adenovite;Adenylate;Adenylic acid;Cardiomone;Lycedan;Muscle adenylate;Muscle adenylic acid;My-b-den;My-beta-den;Phosaden;Phosphaden;Phosphentaside;5'-o-phosphonoadenosine;Adenosine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate);Adenosine monophosphate;Adenosine-5'p;Adenosini phosphas;Ado5'p;Fosfato de adenosina;Pa;Pado;Phosphate d'adenosine;5'-adenosine monophosphoric acid;Adenosine phosphoric acid;Adenosine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphoric acid);Adenosine 5'-monophosphoric acid;Adenosine monophosphoric acid;Adenosine-5'-monophosphate;Phosphoric acid d'adenosine
PW_C000032
AMP
11
2
34
4
62
8
270
16
734
32
881
22
1189
14
4572
5
4867
54
5033
89
5251
104
5408
117
5423
103
5432
118
5457
120
5558
132
5583
133
5779
101
5795
108
6977
199
7072
188
11789
198
11868
161
11988
151
12003
222
12580
226
12636
31
12694
290
13331
225
42266
3
42646
315
77234
329
77325
111
78392
334
78809
115
79320
112
80399
1
80684
135
80900
7
119916
122
120016
124
120031
406
120246
382
120888
405
121954
408
122920
399
123464
376
124507
374
125306
297
125394
299
125409
479
125596
484
126853
205
126934
388
126949
501
127124
389
127311
209
127711
502
170
Pyrophosphate
HMDB0000250
The anion, the salts, and the esters of pyrophosphoric acid are called pyrophosphates. The pyrophosphate anion is abbreviated PPi and is formed by the hydrolysis of ATP into AMP in cells. This hydrolysis is called pyrophosphorolysis. The pyrophosphate anion has the structure P2O74-, and is an acid anhydride of phosphate. It is unstable in aqueous solution and rapidly hydrolyzes into inorganic phosphate. Pyrophosphate is an osteotoxin (arrests bone development) and an arthritogen (promotes arthritis). It is also a metabotoxin (an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health affects at chronically high levels). Chronically high levels of pyrophosphate are associated with hypophosphatasia. Hypophosphatasia (also called deficiency of alkaline phosphatase or phosphoethanolaminuria) is a rare, and sometimes fatal, metabolic bone disease. Hypophosphatasia is associated with a molecular defect in the gene encoding tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP). TNSALP is an enzyme that is tethered to the outer surface of osteoblasts and chondrocytes. TNSALP hydrolyzes several substances, including inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), a major form of vitamin B6. When TSNALP is low, inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) accumulates outside of cells and inhibits the formation of hydroxyapatite, one of the main components of bone, causing rickets in infants and children and osteomalacia (soft bones) in adults. Vitamin B6 must be dephosphorylated by TNSALP before it can cross the cell membrane. Vitamin B6 deficiency in the brain impairs synthesis of neurotransmitters which can cause seizures. In some cases, a build-up of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals in the joints can cause pseudogout.
14000-31-8
C00013
644102
18361
PPI
559142
DB04160
[O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O
O7P2
InChI=1S/H4O7P2/c1-8(2,3)7-9(4,5)6/h(H2,1,2,3)(H2,4,5,6)/p-4
XPPKVPWEQAFLFU-UHFFFAOYSA-J
(phosphonooxy)phosphonic acid
173.9433
173.911925378
4
pyrophosphoric acid
0
-3
FDB021918
(4-)diphosphoric acid ion;(p2o74-)diphosphate;Diphosphate;Diphosphoric acid;Ppi;Pyrometaphosphate;Pyrophosphate;Pyrophosphate tetraanion;Pyrophosphate(4-) ion;[o3popo3](4-);Diphosphat;P2o7(4-);Pyrophosphat;Pyrophosphate ion;Phosphonato phosphoric acid;Pyrophosphoric acid;Pyrophosphoric acid ion
PW_C000170
Ppi
12
2
35
4
63
8
429
23
735
32
882
22
1217
3
1620
49
2410
59
2815
29
4175
14
4868
54
5034
89
5252
104
5294
101
5409
117
5424
103
5433
118
5458
120
5548
111
5559
132
5584
133
5606
135
5655
108
5879
107
6239
166
6978
199
7073
188
7134
163
7272
160
7312
198
7318
213
8275
151
8283
210
11869
161
12002
222
12041
164
12315
225
12323
249
12512
288
12579
226
12695
290
15219
306
15375
18
34760
17
42561
315
42697
318
77235
329
77317
128
77635
336
78416
335
78928
331
79153
112
79950
134
79958
130
80047
372
80417
170
85630
1
94786
384
94814
125
94819
382
98678
223
110634
391
113270
395
113275
389
115527
136
115532
399
119934
122
120017
124
120032
406
120330
410
120936
407
121261
429
121341
121
121486
383
122407
422
122985
444
123502
119
123831
464
124044
398
124977
375
125324
297
125395
299
125410
479
125597
484
125656
485
125876
481
126552
491
126869
205
126935
388
126950
501
127337
206
128124
508
540
L-Leucine
HMDB0000687
Branched chain amino acids (BCAA) are essential amino acids whose carbon structure is marked by a branch point. These three amino acids are critical to human life and are particularly involved in stress, energy and muscle metabolism. BCAA supplementation as therapy, both oral and intravenous, in human health and disease holds great promise. 'BCAA' denotes valine, isoleucine and leucine which are branched chain essential amino acids. Despite their structural similarities, the branched amino acids have different metabolic routes, with valine going solely to carbohydrates, leucine solely to fats and isoleucine to both. The different metabolism accounts for different requirements for these essential amino acids in humans: 12 mg/kg, 14 mg/kg and 16 mg/kg of valine, leucine and isoleucine respectively. Furthermore, these amino acids have different deficiency symptoms. Valine deficiency is marked by neurological defects in the brain, while isoleucine deficiency is marked by muscle tremors. Many types of inborn errors of BCAA metabolism exist, and are marked by various abnormalities. The most common form is the maple syrup urine disease, marked by a characteristic urinary odor. Other abnormalities are associated with a wide range of symptoms, such as mental retardation, ataxia, hypoglycemia, spinal muscle atrophy, rash, vomiting and excessive muscle movement. Most forms of BCAA metabolism errors are corrected by dietary restriction of BCAA and at least one form is correctable by supplementation with 10 mg of biotin daily. BCAA are useful because they are metabolized primarily by muscle. Stress state- e.g surgery, trauma, cirrhosis, infections, fever and starvation--require proportionately more BCAA than other amino acids and probably proportionately more leucine than either valine or isoleucine. BCAA and other amino acids are frequently fed intravenously (TPN) to malnourished surgical patients and in some cases of severe trauma. BCAA, particularly leucine, stimulate protein synthesis, increase reutilization of amino acids in many organs and reduce protein breakdown. Furthermore, leucine can be an important source of calories, and is superior as fuel to the ubiquitous intravenous glucose (dextrose). Leucine also stimulates insulin release, which in turn stimulates protein synthesis and inhibits protein breakdown. These effects are particularly useful in athletic training. BCAA should also replace the use of steroids as commonly used by weightlifters. Huntington's chorea and anorexic disorders both are characterized by low serum BCAA. These diseases, as well as forms of Parkinson's, may respond to BCAA therapy. BCAA, and particularly leucine, are among the amino acids most essential for muscle health. (http://www.dcnutrition.com).
61-90-5
C00123
6106
15603
LEU
5880
DB00149
CC(C)C[C@H](N)C(O)=O
C6H13NO2
InChI=1S/C6H13NO2/c1-4(2)3-5(7)6(8)9/h4-5H,3,7H2,1-2H3,(H,8,9)/t5-/m0/s1
ROHFNLRQFUQHCH-YFKPBYRVSA-N
(2S)-2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid
131.1729
131.094628665
-0.27
2
L-leucine
0
0
FDB001946
(2s)-2-amino-4-methylpentanoate;(2s)-2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid;(s)-(+)-leucine;(s)-2-amino-4-methylpentanoate;(s)-2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid;(s)-2-amino-4-methylvalerate;(s)-2-amino-4-methylvaleric acid;(s)-leucine;4-methyl-l-norvaline;L-(+)-leucine;L-a-aminoisocaproate;L-a-aminoisocaproic acid;L-alpha-aminoisocaproate;L-alpha-aminoisocaproic acid;Leu;Leucine;(2s)-alpha-2-amino-4-methylvaleric acid;(2s)-alpha-leucine;2-amino-4-methylvaleric acid;L;L-leucin;L-leuzin;(2s)-a-2-amino-4-methylvalerate;(2s)-a-2-amino-4-methylvaleric acid;(2s)-alpha-2-amino-4-methylvalerate;(2s)-α-2-amino-4-methylvalerate;(2s)-α-2-amino-4-methylvaleric acid;(2s)-a-leucine;(2s)-α-leucine
PW_C000540
Leu
1582
2
5043
15
5646
107
5647
108
6848
166
7145
188
7146
187
42539
315
42557
318
79181
132
121544
124
124102
118
490
mRNA
NucleicAcid
NucleicAcid
PW_EC000490
mRNA
36
L-Leucyl-tRNA(Leu)
RNA
PW_NA000036
16624
LLTL
133678
8
133798
111
133838
122
133883
135
3236
36
12
8
true
1249
0
14
150
regular
150
70
35
tRNA(Leu)
RNA
945264
PW_NA000035
TRNALEU
133677
8
133799
111
133839
122
133884
135
137758
117
614
Leucine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic
Q9P2J5
Catalyzes the specific attachment of an amino acid to its cognate tRNA in a two step reaction: the amino acid (AA) is first activated by ATP to form AA-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of the tRNA. Exhibits a post-transfer editing activity to hydrolyze mischarged tRNAs.
HMDBP00648
LARS
5q32
AB037773
1
6.1.1.4
133679
8
8096
60S ribosomal protein L3
P39023
The L3 protein is a component of the large subunit of cytoplasmic ribosomes.
RPL3
1
133190
8
8109
60S ribosomal protein L4
P36578
RPL4
1
133191
8
8111
60S ribosomal protein L5
P46777
Required for rRNA maturation and formation of the 60S ribosomal subunits. This protein binds 5S RNA.
RPL5
1
133192
8
8112
60S ribosomal protein L6
Q02878
Specifically binds to domain C of the Tax-responsive enhancer element in the long terminal repeat of HTLV-I.
RPL6
1
133193
8
8114
60S ribosomal protein L7a
P62424
RPL7A
1
133194
8
8113
60S ribosomal protein L7
P18124
Binds to G-rich structures in 28S rRNA and in mRNAs. Plays a regulatory role in the translation apparatus; inhibits cell-free translation of mRNAs.
RPL7
1
133195
8
8115
60S ribosomal protein L8
P62917
RPL8
1
133196
8
8116
60S ribosomal protein L9
P32969
RPL9
1
133197
8
8077
60S ribosomal protein L10a
P62906
RPL10A
1
133198
8
8076
60S ribosomal protein L10
P27635
RPL10
1
133199
8
8078
60S ribosomal protein L11
P62913
Binds to 5S ribosomal RNA (By similarity). Required for rRNA maturation and formation of the 60S ribosomal subunits. Promotes nucleolar location of PML (By similarity).
RPL11
1
133200
8
8079
60S ribosomal protein L12
P30050
Binds directly to 26S ribosomal RNA.
RPL12
1
133201
8
8081
60S ribosomal protein L13a
P40429
Associated with ribosomes but is not required for canonical ribosome function and has extra-ribosomal functions. Component of the GAIT (gamma interferon-activated inhibitor of translation) complex which mediates interferon-gamma-induced transcript-selective translation inhibition in inflammation processes. Upon interferon-gamma activation and subsequent phosphorylation dissociates from the ribosome and assembles into the GAIT complex which binds to stem loop-containing GAIT elements in the 3'-UTR of diverse inflammatory mRNAs (such as ceruplasmin) and suppresses their translation. In the GAIT complex interacts with m7G cap-bound eIF4G at or near the eIF3-binding site and blocks the recruitment of the 43S ribosomal complex. Involved in methylation of rRNA.
RPL13A
1
133202
8
8080
60S ribosomal protein L13
P26373
RPL13
1
133203
8
8082
60S ribosomal protein L14
P50914
RPL14
1
133204
8
8083
60S ribosomal protein L15
P61313
RPL15
1
133205
8
8084
60S ribosomal protein L17
P18621
RPL17
1
133206
8
8086
60S ribosomal protein L18a
Q02543
RPL18A
1
133207
8
8085
60S ribosomal protein L18
Q07020
RPL18
1
133208
8
8087
60S ribosomal protein L19
P84098
RPL19
1
133209
8
8088
60S ribosomal protein L21
P46778
RPL21
1
133210
8
4811
60S ribosomal protein L22
P35268
HMDBP10729
RPL22
1p36.31
BC035566
1
133211
8
8090
60S ribosomal protein L23a
P62750
This protein binds to a specific region on the 26S rRNA.
RPL23A
1
133212
8
8089
60S ribosomal protein L23
P62829
RPL23
1
133213
8
8091
60S ribosomal protein L24
P83731
RPL24
1
133214
8
8092
60S ribosomal protein L26
P61254
RPL26
1
133215
8
8094
60S ribosomal protein L27a
P46776
RPL27A
1
133216
8
8093
60S ribosomal protein L27
P61353
RPL27
1
133217
8
8095
60S ribosomal protein L28
P46779
RPL28
1
133218
8
4810
60S ribosomal protein L29
P47914
HMDBP10728
RPL29
3p21.3-p21.2
AK311884
1
133219
8
8097
60S ribosomal protein L30
P62888
RPL30
1
133220
8
8098
60S ribosomal protein L31
P62899
RPL31
1
133221
8
8099
60S ribosomal protein L32
P62910
RPL32
1
133222
8
8100
60S ribosomal protein L34
P49207
RPL34
1
133223
8
8102
60S ribosomal protein L35a
P18077
Required for the proliferation and viability of hematopoietic cells. Plays a role in 60S ribosomal subunit formation. The protein was found to bind to both initiator and elongator tRNAs and consequently was assigned to the P site or P and A site.
RPL35A
1
133224
8
8101
60S ribosomal protein L35
P42766
RPL35
1
133225
8
8104
60S ribosomal protein L36a
P83881
RPL36A
1
133226
8
8103
60S ribosomal protein L36
Q9Y3U8
RPL36
1
133227
8
8106
60S ribosomal protein L37a
P61513
RPL37A
1
133228
8
8105
60S ribosomal protein L37
P61927
Binds to the 23S rRNA.
RPL37
1
133229
8
8107
60S ribosomal protein L38
P63173
RPL38
1
133230
8
8108
60S ribosomal protein L39
P62891
RPL39
1
133231
8
8120
Ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40
P62987
Ubiquitin: Exists either covalently attached to another protein, or free (unanchored). When covalently bound, it is conjugated to target proteins via an isopeptide bond either as a monomer (monoubiquitin), a polymer linked via different Lys residues of the ubiquitin (polyubiquitin chains) or a linear polymer linked via the initiator Met of the ubiquitin (linear polyubiquitin chains). Polyubiquitin chains, when attached to a target protein, have different functions depending on the Lys residue of the ubiquitin that is linked: Lys-6-linked may be involved in DNA repair; Lys-11-linked is involved in ERAD (endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation) and in cell-cycle regulation; Lys-29-linked is involved in lysosomal degradation; Lys-33-linked is involved in kinase modification; Lys-48-linked is involved in protein degradation via the proteasome; Lys-63-linked is involved in endocytosis, DNA-damage responses as well as in signaling processes leading to activation of the transcription factor NF-kappa-B. Linear polymer chains formed via attachment by the initiator Met lead to cell signaling. Ubiquitin is usually conjugated to Lys residues of target proteins, however, in rare cases, conjugation to Cys or Ser residues has been observed. When polyubiquitin is free (unanchored-polyubiquitin), it also has distinct roles, such as in activation of protein kinases, and in signaling.
UBA52
1
133232
8
8110
60S ribosomal protein L41
P62945
Interacts with the beta subunit of protein kinase CKII and stimulates phosphorylation of DNA topoisomerase II alpha by CKII.
RPL41
1
133233
8
8117
60S acidic ribosomal protein P0
P05388
Ribosomal protein P0 is the functional equivalent of E.coli protein L10.
RPLP0
1
133234
8
8118
60S acidic ribosomal protein P1
P05386
Plays an important role in the elongation step of protein synthesis.
RPLP1
1
133235
8
8119
60S acidic ribosomal protein P2
P05387
Plays an important role in the elongation step of protein synthesis.
RPLP2
1
133236
8
8043
40S ribosomal protein S2
P15880
RPS2
1
133237
8
8053
40S ribosomal protein S3
P23396
Involved in translation as a component of the 40S small ribosomal subunit (PubMed:8706699). Has endonuclease activity and plays a role in repair of damaged DNA (PubMed:7775413). Cleaves phosphodiester bonds of DNAs containing altered bases with broad specificity and cleaves supercoiled DNA more efficiently than relaxed DNA (PubMed:15707971). Displays high binding affinity for 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG), a common DNA lesion caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) (PubMed:14706345). Has also been shown to bind with similar affinity to intact and damaged DNA (PubMed:18610840). Stimulates the N-glycosylase activity of the base excision protein OGG1 (PubMed:15518571). Enhances the uracil excision activity of UNG1 (PubMed:18973764). Also stimulates the cleavage of the phosphodiester backbone by APEX1 (PubMed:18973764). When located in the mitochondrion, reduces cellular ROS levels and mitochondrial DNA damage (PubMed:23911537). Has also been shown to negatively regulate DNA repair in cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide (PubMed:17049931). Plays a role in regulating transcription as part of the NF-kappa-B p65-p50 complex where it binds to the RELA/p65 subunit, enhances binding of the complex to DNA and promotes transcription of target genes (PubMed:18045535). Represses its own translation by binding to its cognate mRNA (PubMed:20217897). Binds to and protects TP53/p53 from MDM2-mediated ubiquitination (PubMed:19656744). Involved in spindle formation and chromosome movement during mitosis by regulating microtubule polymerization (PubMed:23131551). Involved in induction of apoptosis through its role in activation of CASP8 (PubMed:14988002). Induces neuronal apoptosis by interacting with the E2F1 transcription factor and acting synergistically with it to up-regulate pro-apoptotic proteins BCL2L11/BIM and HRK/Dp5 (PubMed:20605787). Interacts with TRADD following exposure to UV radiation and induces apoptosis by caspase-dependent JNK activation (PubMed:22510408).
RPS3
1
4.2.99.18
133238
8
8054
40S ribosomal protein S3a
P61247
May play a role during erythropoiesis through regulation of transcription factor DDIT3.
RPS3A
1
133239
8
8055
40S ribosomal protein S4, X isoform
P62701
RPS4X
1
133240
8
8056
40S ribosomal protein S5
P46782
RPS5
1
133241
8
8057
40S ribosomal protein S6
P62753
May play an important role in controlling cell growth and proliferation through the selective translation of particular classes of mRNA.
RPS6
1
133242
8
8058
40S ribosomal protein S7
P62081
Required for rRNA maturation.
RPS7
1
133243
8
8059
40S ribosomal protein S8
P62241
RPS8
1
133244
8
8060
40S ribosomal protein S9
P46781
RPS9
1
133245
8
8032
40S ribosomal protein S10
P46783
Component of the 40S ribosomal subunit.
RPS10
1
133246
8
8033
40S ribosomal protein S11
P62280
RPS11
1
133247
8
8034
40S ribosomal protein S12
P25398
RPS12
1
133248
8
8035
40S ribosomal protein S13
P62277
RPS13
1
133249
8
8036
40S ribosomal protein S14
P62263
RPS14
1
133250
8
8037
40S ribosomal protein S15
P62841
RPS15
1
133251
8
8038
40S ribosomal protein S15a
P62244
RPS15A
1
133252
8
8039
40S ribosomal protein S16
P62249
RPS16
1
133253
8
8040
40S ribosomal protein S17
P08708
RPS17
1
133254
8
8041
40S ribosomal protein S18
P62269
Located at the top of the head of the 40S subunit, it contacts several helices of the 18S rRNA.
RPS18
1
133255
8
8042
40S ribosomal protein S19
P39019
Required for pre-rRNA processing and maturation of 40S ribosomal subunits.
RPS19
1
133256
8
8044
40S ribosomal protein S20
P60866
RPS20
1
133257
8
8045
40S ribosomal protein S21
P63220
RPS21
1
133258
8
8046
40S ribosomal protein S23
P62266
RPS23
1
133259
8
8047
40S ribosomal protein S24
P62847
Required for processing of pre-rRNA and maturation of 40S ribosomal subunits.
RPS24
1
133260
8
8048
40S ribosomal protein S25
P62851
RPS25
1
133261
8
8049
40S ribosomal protein S26
P62854
RPS26
1
133262
8
3391
40S ribosomal protein S27
P42677
HMDBP08171
RPS27
1q21
CH471121
1
133263
8
8051
40S ribosomal protein S28
P62857
RPS28
1
133264
8
8052
40S ribosomal protein S29
P62273
RPS29
1
133265
8
8031
40S ribosomal protein S30
P62861
FAU
1
133266
8
8061
40S ribosomal protein SA
P08865
Required for the assembly and/or stability of the 40S ribosomal subunit. Required for the processing of the 20S rRNA-precursor to mature 18S rRNA in a late step of the maturation of 40S ribosomal subunits. Also functions as a cell surface receptor for laminin. Plays a role in cell adhesion to the basement membrane and in the consequent activation of signaling transduction pathways. May play a role in cell fate determination and tissue morphogenesis. Acts as a PPP1R16B-dependent substrate of PPP1CA. Also acts as a receptor for several other ligands, including the pathogenic prion protein, viruses, and bacteria.
RPSA
1
133267
8
8840
Receptor of activated protein C kinase 1
P63244
Scaffolding protein involved in the recruitment, assembly and/or regulation of a variety of signaling molecules. Interacts with a wide variety of proteins and plays a role in many cellular processes. Component of the 40S ribosomal subunit involved in translational repression (PubMed:23636399). Involved in the initiation of the ribosome quality control (RQC), a pathway that takes place when a ribosome has stalled during translation, by promoting ubiquitination of a subset of 40S ribosomal subunits (PubMed:28132843). Binds to and stabilizes activated protein kinase C (PKC), increasing PKC-mediated phosphorylation. May recruit activated PKC to the ribosome, leading to phosphorylation of EIF6. Inhibits the activity of SRC kinases including SRC, LCK and YES1. Inhibits cell growth by prolonging the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. Enhances phosphorylation of BMAL1 by PRKCA and inhibits transcriptional activity of the BMAL1-CLOCK heterodimer. Facilitates ligand-independent nuclear translocation of AR following PKC activation, represses AR transactivation activity and is required for phosphorylation of AR by SRC. Modulates IGF1R-dependent integrin signaling and promotes cell spreading and contact with the extracellular matrix. Involved in PKC-dependent translocation of ADAM12 to the cell membrane. Promotes the ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation of proteins such as CLEC1B and HIF1A. Required for VANGL2 membrane localization, inhibits Wnt signaling, and regulates cellular polarization and oriented cell division during gastrulation. Required for PTK2/FAK1 phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Regulates internalization of the muscarinic receptor CHRM2. Promotes apoptosis by increasing oligomerization of BAX and disrupting the interaction of BAX with the anti-apoptotic factor BCL2L. Inhibits TRPM6 channel activity. Regulates cell surface expression of some GPCRs such as TBXA2R. Plays a role in regulation of FLT1-mediated cell migration. Involved in the transport of ABCB4 from the Golgi to the apical bile canalicular membrane (PubMed:19674157). Promotes migration of breast carcinoma cells by binding to and activating RHOA (PubMed:20499158).
RACK1
1
133268
8
563
Probable leucine--tRNA ligase, mitochondrial
Q15031
HMDBP00596
LARS2
3p21.3
BC025989
1
6.1.1.4
11001
Large 60S Ribosomal Subunit
1
PW_P011001
19588
8096
20243
8109
20244
8111
20252
8112
20253
8114
20254
8113
20255
8115
20256
8116
20257
8077
20258
8076
20259
8078
20260
8079
20261
8081
20262
8080
20263
8082
20264
8083
20265
8084
20266
8086
20267
8085
20268
8087
20269
8088
20281
4811
20282
8090
20283
8089
20287
8091
20289
8092
20290
8094
20306
8093
20307
8095
20308
4810
20309
8097
20310
8098
20311
8099
20312
8100
20313
8102
20314
8101
20315
8104
20316
8103
20317
8106
20318
8105
20333
8107
20334
8108
20335
8120
20336
8110
20337
8117
20338
8118
20339
8119
11454
Small 40S Ribosomal Subunit
1
PW_P011454
20347
8043
20349
8053
20350
8054
20351
8055
20352
8056
20353
8057
20354
8058
20355
8059
20356
8060
20357
8032
20358
8033
20359
8034
20360
8035
20361
8036
20362
8037
20363
8038
20395
8039
20396
8040
20397
8041
20398
8042
20399
8044
20400
8045
20401
8046
20402
8047
20403
8048
20404
8049
20405
3391
20406
8051
20407
8052
20408
8031
20409
8061
20410
8840
11478
Leucine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic
1
PW_P011478
20471
614
133684
8
11479
Probable leucine--tRNA ligase, mitochondrial
1
PW_P011479
20472
563
133685
3
178685
PW_R178685
Right
674379
36
1
NucleicAcid
false
674380
222
1
Bound
false
674381
233
1
Bound
false
178684
PW_R178684
Right
674373
414
1
Compound
false
674374
540
1
Compound
false
674375
35
1
NucleicAcid
false
674376
32
1
Compound
false
674377
170
1
Compound
false
674378
36
1
NucleicAcid
false
168797
11479
6.1.1.4
168798
11478
1165
222
8
112682
415
13201
3605933
1618
790160
3605934
1619
790161
3605935
1166
233
8
112682
416
13202
3605937
25
3236
3605938
1620
790162
3605939
1621
790163
3605940
2649630
414
8
42
false
335
702
10
regular
50
30
2649632
32
8
44
false
645
700
10
regular
50
30
2649633
170
8
45
false
638
465
10
regular
63
43
2649703
540
8
3
false
295
412
10
regular
100
100
13201
490
37
8
true
769
0
12
regular
100
90
13202
490
37
8
true
1159
0
12
regular
100
90
3234
35
96
8
false
225
577
14
120
nucleic_acid
regular
120
115
3235
36
96
8
false
689
580
14
120
nucleic_acid
regular
120
115
3236
36
12
8
true
1249
0
14
150
regular
150
70
913081
8096
8
2
true
629
0
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913082
8109
8
2
true
629
60
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913083
8111
8
2
true
629
120
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913084
8112
8
2
true
629
180
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913085
8114
8
2
true
629
240
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913086
8113
8
2
true
629
300
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913087
8115
8
2
true
629
360
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913088
8116
8
2
true
629
420
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913089
8077
8
2
true
629
480
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913090
8076
8
2
true
629
540
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913091
8078
8
2
true
629
600
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913092
8079
8
2
true
629
660
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913093
8081
8
2
true
629
720
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913094
8080
8
2
true
629
780
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913095
8082
8
2
true
629
840
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913096
8083
8
2
true
629
900
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913097
8084
8
2
true
629
960
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913098
8086
8
2
true
629
1020
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913099
8085
8
2
true
629
1080
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913100
8087
8
2
true
629
1140
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913101
8088
8
2
true
629
1200
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913102
4811
8
2
true
629
1260
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913103
8090
8
2
true
629
1320
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913104
8089
8
2
true
629
1380
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913105
8091
8
2
true
629
1440
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913106
8092
8
2
true
629
1500
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913107
8094
8
2
true
629
1560
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913108
8093
8
2
true
629
1620
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913109
8095
8
2
true
629
1680
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913110
4810
8
2
true
629
1740
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913111
8097
8
2
true
629
1800
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913112
8098
8
2
true
629
1860
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913113
8099
8
2
true
629
1920
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913114
8100
8
2
true
629
1980
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913115
8102
8
2
true
629
2040
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913116
8101
8
2
true
629
2100
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913117
8104
8
2
true
629
2160
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913118
8103
8
2
true
629
2220
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913119
8106
8
2
true
629
2280
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913120
8105
8
2
true
629
2340
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913121
8107
8
2
true
629
2400
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913122
8108
8
2
true
629
2460
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913123
8120
8
2
true
629
2520
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913124
8110
8
2
true
629
2580
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913125
8117
8
2
true
629
2640
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913126
8118
8
2
true
629
2700
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913127
8119
8
2
true
629
2760
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913128
8043
8
2
true
629
2820
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913129
8053
8
2
true
629
2880
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913130
8054
8
2
true
629
2940
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913131
8055
8
2
true
629
3000
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913132
8056
8
2
true
629
3060
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913133
8057
8
2
true
629
3120
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913134
8058
8
2
true
629
3180
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913135
8059
8
2
true
629
3240
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913136
8060
8
2
true
629
3300
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913137
8032
8
2
true
629
3360
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913138
8033
8
2
true
629
3420
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913139
8034
8
2
true
629
3480
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913140
8035
8
2
true
629
3540
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913141
8036
8
2
true
629
3600
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913142
8037
8
2
true
629
3660
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913143
8038
8
2
true
629
3720
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913144
8039
8
2
true
629
3780
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913145
8040
8
2
true
629
3840
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913146
8041
8
2
true
629
3900
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913147
8042
8
2
true
629
3960
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913148
8044
8
2
true
629
4020
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913149
8045
8
2
true
629
4080
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913150
8046
8
2
true
629
4140
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913151
8047
8
2
true
629
4200
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913152
8048
8
2
true
629
4260
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913153
8049
8
2
true
629
4320
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913154
3391
8
2
true
629
4380
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913155
8051
8
2
true
629
4440
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913156
8052
8
2
true
629
4500
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913157
8031
8
2
true
629
4560
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913158
8061
8
2
true
629
4620
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913159
8840
8
2
true
629
4680
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913160
8096
8
188
false
1030
596
2
none
regular
300
140
913161
8109
8
2
true
1019
60
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913162
8111
8
2
true
1019
120
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913163
8112
8
2
true
1019
180
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913164
8114
8
2
true
1019
240
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913165
8113
8
2
true
1019
300
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913166
8115
8
2
true
1019
360
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913167
8116
8
2
true
1019
420
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913168
8077
8
2
true
1019
480
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913169
8076
8
2
true
1019
540
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913170
8078
8
2
true
1019
600
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913171
8079
8
2
true
1019
660
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913172
8081
8
2
true
1019
720
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913173
8080
8
2
true
1019
780
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913174
8082
8
2
true
1019
840
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913175
8083
8
2
true
1019
900
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913176
8084
8
2
true
1019
960
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913177
8086
8
2
true
1019
1020
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913178
8085
8
2
true
1019
1080
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913179
8087
8
2
true
1019
1140
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913180
8088
8
2
true
1019
1200
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913181
4811
8
2
true
1019
1260
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913182
8090
8
2
true
1019
1320
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913183
8089
8
2
true
1019
1380
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913184
8091
8
2
true
1019
1440
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913185
8092
8
2
true
1019
1500
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913186
8094
8
2
true
1019
1560
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913187
8093
8
2
true
1019
1620
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913188
8095
8
2
true
1019
1680
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913189
4810
8
2
true
1019
1740
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913190
8097
8
2
true
1019
1800
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913191
8098
8
2
true
1019
1860
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913192
8099
8
2
true
1019
1920
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913193
8100
8
2
true
1019
1980
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913194
8102
8
2
true
1019
2040
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913195
8101
8
2
true
1019
2100
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913196
8104
8
2
true
1019
2160
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913197
8103
8
2
true
1019
2220
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913198
8106
8
2
true
1019
2280
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913199
8105
8
2
true
1019
2340
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913200
8107
8
2
true
1019
2400
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913201
8108
8
2
true
1019
2460
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913202
8120
8
2
true
1019
2520
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913203
8110
8
2
true
1019
2580
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913204
8117
8
2
true
1019
2640
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913205
8118
8
2
true
1019
2700
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913206
8119
8
2
true
1019
2760
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913207
8043
8
186
false
1050
766
2
none
regular
150
70
913208
8053
8
186
false
1175
766
2
none
regular
150
70
913209
8054
8
2
true
1019
2940
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913210
8055
8
2
true
1019
3000
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913211
8056
8
2
true
1019
3060
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913212
8057
8
2
true
1019
3120
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913213
8058
8
2
true
1019
3180
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913214
8059
8
2
true
1019
3240
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913215
8060
8
2
true
1019
3300
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913216
8032
8
2
true
1019
3360
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913217
8033
8
2
true
1019
3420
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913218
8034
8
2
true
1019
3480
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913219
8035
8
2
true
1019
3540
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913220
8036
8
2
true
1019
3600
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913221
8037
8
2
true
1019
3660
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913222
8038
8
2
true
1019
3720
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913223
8039
8
2
true
1019
3780
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913224
8040
8
2
true
1019
3840
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913225
8041
8
2
true
1019
3900
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913226
8042
8
2
true
1019
3960
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913227
8044
8
2
true
1019
4020
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913228
8045
8
2
true
1019
4080
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913229
8046
8
2
true
1019
4140
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913230
8047
8
2
true
1019
4200
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913231
8048
8
2
true
1019
4260
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913232
8049
8
2
true
1019
4320
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913233
3391
8
2
true
1019
4380
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913234
8051
8
2
true
1019
4440
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913235
8052
8
2
true
1019
4500
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913236
8031
8
2
true
1019
4560
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913237
8061
8
2
true
1019
4620
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913238
8840
8
2
true
1019
4680
8
subunit
regular
150
70
913080
614
8
2
false
444
574
8
subunit
regular
150
70
790160
11001
112682
8
909596
913081
909597
913082
909598
913083
909599
913084
909600
913085
909601
913086
909602
913087
909603
913088
909604
913089
909605
913090
909606
913091
909607
913092
909608
913093
909609
913094
909610
913095
909611
913096
909612
913097
909613
913098
909614
913099
909615
913100
909616
913101
909617
913102
909618
913103
909619
913104
909620
913105
909621
913106
909622
913107
909623
913108
909624
913109
909625
913110
909626
913111
909627
913112
909628
913113
909629
913114
909630
913115
909631
913116
909632
913117
909633
913118
909634
913119
909635
913120
909636
913121
909637
913122
909638
913123
909639
913124
909640
913125
909641
913126
909642
913127
790161
11454
112682
8
909643
913128
909644
913129
909645
913130
909646
913131
909647
913132
909648
913133
909649
913134
909650
913135
909651
913136
909652
913137
909653
913138
909654
913139
909655
913140
909656
913141
909657
913142
909658
913143
909659
913144
909660
913145
909661
913146
909662
913147
909663
913148
909664
913149
909665
913150
909666
913151
909667
913152
909668
913153
909669
913154
909670
913155
909671
913156
909672
913157
909673
913158
909674
913159
790162
11001
112682
8
909675
913160
909676
913161
909677
913162
909678
913163
909679
913164
909680
913165
909681
913166
909682
913167
909683
913168
909684
913169
909685
913170
909686
913171
909687
913172
909688
913173
909689
913174
909690
913175
909691
913176
909692
913177
909693
913178
909694
913179
909695
913180
909696
913181
909697
913182
909698
913183
909699
913184
909700
913185
909701
913186
909702
913187
909703
913188
909704
913189
909705
913190
909706
913191
909707
913192
909708
913193
909709
913194
909710
913195
909711
913196
909712
913197
909713
913198
909714
913199
909715
913200
909716
913201
909717
913202
909718
913203
909719
913204
909720
913205
909721
913206
790163
11454
112682
8
909722
913207
909723
913208
909724
913209
909725
913210
909726
913211
909727
913212
909728
913213
909729
913214
909730
913215
909731
913216
909732
913217
909733
913218
909734
913219
909735
913220
909736
913221
909737
913222
909738
913223
909739
913224
909740
913225
909741
913226
909742
913227
909743
913228
909744
913229
909745
913230
909746
913231
909747
913232
909748
913233
909749
913234
909750
913235
909751
913236
909752
913237
909753
913238
790159
11478
112682
8
909595
913080
3605913
M100 2100 L100 2150 L150 2100 z
10
true
18
3605932
M805 609 C918 649 969 670 1149 740
5
false
18
true
M 888.9749045598433 581.96644186147 L 901 573 L 887.2222858463324 567.0691827966269
false
3605933
M764 -5 L764 45 L814 -5 z
10
true
18
3605934
M293 326 L293 376 L343 326 z
10
true
18
3605935
M293 3146 L293 3196 L343 3146 z
10
true
18
3605936
M869 50 C899 50 949 -588.75 979 -588.75
5
true
18
3605937
M1154 -5 L1154 45 L1204 -5 z
10
true
18
3605938
M1244 -5 L1244 45 L1294 -5 z
10
true
18
3605939
M293 716 L293 766 L343 716 z
10
true
18
3605940
M293 3536 L293 3586 L343 3536 z
10
true
18
3605941
M1249 35 C1219 35 1009 -588.75 979 -588.75
5
true
18
true
M 323.94685504416486 335.261556296296 L 309 334 L 315.38088772118584 347.5751343230783
false
3606531
M345 412 C345 382 345 341 345 311
5
false
18
true
M 287.5 399.0096189432334 L 295 412 L 302.5 399.0096189432334
false
3606532
M385 717 C390 639 414 609 444 609
5
false
18
3606533
M395 462 C396 556 414 609 444 609
5
false
18
3606534
M645 715 C642 632 624 609 594 609
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 219.26155629629605 L 11 218 L 17.380887721185843 231.57513432307834
false
3606535
M638 486.5 C639 567.5 624 609 594 609
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 219.26155629629605 L 11 218 L 17.380887721185843 231.57513432307834
false
3606536
M340 607 C370 607 414 609 444 609
5
false
18
3606537
M694 610 C664 610 624 609 594 609
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 219.26155629629605 L 11 218 L 17.380887721185843 231.57513432307834
false
788398
112682
178685
8
787
1165
3605936
Left
788
1166
3605941
Right
1145
3235
3605932
Left
788507
112682
178684
8
3192434
2649630
3606532
Left
3192435
2649703
3606533
Left
3192436
2649632
3606534
Right
3192437
2649633
3606535
Right
1222
3234
3606536
Left
1223
3235
3606537
Right
745205
168798
790159
107400
107809
112682
217
false
270
241
16
regular
104166
2649703
3606531
Right
184499
685
172
0.4
0.4
0
1
42
1785
1645
367972
M128 226.5 C128 176.5 178 126.5 228 126.5 C576 126.5 1028 126.5 1376 126.5 C1426 126.5 1476 176.5 1476 226.5 C1476 419.5 1476 669.5 1476 862.5 C1476 912.5 1426 962.5 1376 962.5 C1028 962.5 576 962.5 228 962.5 C178 962.5 128 912.5 128 862.5 C128 669.5 128 419.5 128 226.5
1
true
6
0.0
0.0
445926
15
mRNA
595
746
20
1.3
1.3
160
15
445927
15
Polypeptide Chain
885
442
20
1.3
1.3
160
15
445928
235
Translation
1021
799
20
1.6
1.6
200
15
445929
15
Ribosome
1242
580
20
1.3
1.3
160
15
445930
15
Cytoplasm
1207
173
20
1.3
1.3
160
15