82PathwayLactose SynthesisLactose synthesis occurs only in the mammary glands, producing lactose (4-O-B-D-galactosylpyranosyl-a-D-glucopyranoside), the major sugar in milk. Lactose is created by joining two monosaccarides with a B1,4 glycosidic bond. Glucose is first converted to UDP-galactose via the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase. UDP-galactose is then transported into the Golgi by the UDP galactose translocator, an antiporter which uses facilitated transport to move UDP galactose into the Golgi and exports UMP. Once inside the Golgi, the UDP galactose and glucose (which moves into the golgi via the GLUT-1 transporter) become substrates for the lactose synthase enzyme complex, comprised of the enzymatic subunit, galactosyltransferase with its regulatory subunit, Alpha-lactalbumin. Lactose synthase creates lactose through bonding galactose from UDP to glucose through a glycosidic bond. Although GT is found in many tissues in the body, Alpha-lactalbumin is only found on the inner surface of the Golgi in the mammary glands, limiting lactose production to the mammaries.MetabolicPW000049CenterPathwayVisualizationContext4925002700#000099PathwayVisualization5982Lactose SynthesisLactose synthesis occurs only in the mammary glands, producing lactose (4-O-B-D-galactosylpyranosyl-a-D-glucopyranoside), the major sugar in milk. Lactose is created by joining two monosaccarides with a B1,4 glycosidic bond. Glucose is first converted to UDP-galactose via the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase. UDP-galactose is then transported into the Golgi by the UDP galactose translocator, an antiporter which uses facilitated transport to move UDP galactose into the Golgi and exports UMP. Once inside the Golgi, the UDP galactose and glucose (which moves into the golgi via the GLUT-1 transporter) become substrates for the lactose synthase enzyme complex, comprised of the enzymatic subunit, galactosyltransferase with its regulatory subunit, Alpha-lactalbumin. Lactose synthase creates lactose through bonding galactose from UDP to glucose through a glycosidic bond. Although GT is found in many tissues in the body, Alpha-lactalbumin is only found on the inner surface of the Golgi in the mammary glands, limiting lactose production to the mammaries.Metabolic11CellCL:00000005HepatocyteCL:00001824CardiomyocyteCL:00007463NeuronCL:00005407Epithelial CellCL:00000666MyocyteCL:00001878Beta cellCL:000063910Glial cellCL:00001252Platelet CL:000023328MacrophageCL:000023518ErythrocyteCL:00002321Homo sapiens9606EukaryoteHuman24Solanum lycopersicum4081EukaryoteTomato4Arabidopsis thaliana3702EukaryoteThale cress18Saccharomyces cerevisiae4932EukaryoteYeast12Mus musculus10090EukaryoteMouse5Bos taurus9913EukaryoteCattle17Rattus norvegicus10116EukaryoteRat10Drosophila melanogaster7227EukaryoteFruit fly6Caenorhabditis elegans6239EukaryoteRoundworm2Bacteria2ProkaryoteBacteria3Escherichia coli562Prokaryote19Schizosaccharomyces pombe4896Eukaryote21Xenopus laevis8355EukaryoteAfrican clawed frog25Escherichia coli (strain K12)83333Prokaryote49Bathymodiolus platifrons220390EukaryoteDeep sea mussel23Pseudomonas aeruginosa287Prokaryote60Nitzschia sp.0001EukaryoteNitzschia429Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain ATCC 204508 / S288c)559292EukaryoteBaker's yeast51Picea sitchensis3332EukaryoteSitka spruce196Homo1924EukaryoteHuman240Plasmodium falciparums121Eukaryote138human0046323Eukaryote5CytoplasmGO:00057371CytosolGO:00058293Mitochondrial MatrixGO:000575935ChloroplastGO:00095076LysosomeGO:00057644PeroxisomeGO:00057772MitochondrionGO:000573910Cell MembraneGO:000588611Extracellular SpaceGO:000561516Lysosomal LumenGO:00432027Endoplasmic Reticulum MembraneGO:000578918Melanosome MembraneGO:003316213Endoplasmic ReticulumGO:000578325Golgi ApparatusGO:000579414Mitochondrial Outer MembraneGO:000574112Mitochondrial Inner MembraneGO:000574320Endoplasmic Reticulum LumenGO:000578821SynapseGO:004520215NucleusGO:000563431Periplasmic SpaceGO:000562036MembraneGO:001602053Endoplasmic Reticulum BodyGO:001016834Plant-Type VacuoleGO:000032540PeriplasmGO:004259719Sarcoplasmic ReticulumGO:001652932Inner MembraneGO:007025827Peroxisome MembraneGO:000577826Golgi Apparatus MembraneGO:000013924Mitochondrial Intermembrane SpaceGO:00057581LiverBTO:00007597294Adrenal MedullaBTO:000004971825IntestineBTO:000064828StomachBTO:0001307155267Nervous SystemBTO:00014848Blood VesselBTO:0001102741111HeartBTO:000056273106KidneyBTO:00006717189MuscleBTO:00008871411818PancreasBTO:00009882Endothelium BTO:00003935cardiocyteBTO:00015398511PW_BS0000082111PW_BS00000229111PW_BS0000296131PW_BS0000061471241PW_BS000147151141PW_BS0001511601181PW_BS0001602253541PW_BS0000241321121PW_BS0001323361121PW_BS0000281115121PW_BS000111122551PW_BS000122124151PW_BS000124429151PW_BS0001151355171PW_BS0001351181171PW_BS0001184641171PW_BS0001152975101PW_BS0000242991101PW_BS000024205561PW_BS000024388161PW_BS0001129611PW_BS0000095411PW_BS0000054311PW_BS0000043211PW_BS00000314101PW_BS00001413121PW_BS00001315111PW_BS0000152811611PW_BS000028101711PW_BS000010204111PW_BS000020331811PW_BS000033181311PW_BS000018311511PW_BS00003149711PW_BS000049541315PW_BS000054432511PW_BS0000432441011PW_BS000024221411PW_BS00002260251PW_BS00006046114PW_BS000046171211PW_BS0000177028511PW_BS00007072513PW_BS000072612517PW_BS0000613612011PW_BS0000363772113PW_BS00003793252011PW_BS00009327151PW_BS000027711PW_BS000007971521PW_BS000097100521PW_BS000100943PW_BS000094103331PW_BS000103105113PW_BS0001051136121PW_BS0001131122121PW_BS000112110231PW_BS0001101231751PW_BS0001231251351PW_BS000125126651PW_BS00012612711651PW_BS00012713013121PW_BS0001301141112PW_BS00011412915121PW_BS00012910813PW_BS000108140103PW_BS000140101531PW_BS00010114315191PW_BS0001431465191PW_BS000146107313PW_BS000107951721PW_BS0000951553241PW_BS0001551572241PW_BS0001571613181PW_BS0001611632181PW_BS00016315924PW_BS00015911PW_BS00000116611PW_BS0001661783211PW_BS0001781802211PW_BS00018015284PW_BS000152117131PW_BS000117188118PW_BS000024207661PW_BS000024206261PW_BS0000242111018PW_BS0000242137181PW_BS00002421425181PW_BS0000242156181PW_BS0000241985181PW_BS0000242164181PW_BS00002421013181PW_BS00002421217181PW_BS000024222341PW_BS000024224241PW_BS0000241901118PW_BS00002417018PW_BS000170226441PW_BS00002416212181PW_BS000162261115PW_BS0000262771218PW_BS0000241644PW_BS0001642811251PW_BS0000242851041PW_BS0000242863641PW_BS0000242875341PW_BS0000242491341PW_BS0000242273441PW_BS00002465111PW_BS0000652905491PW_BS0000242916491PW_BS0000242924491PW_BS00002429817101PW_BS00002430013101PW_BS0000243016101PW_BS000024302116101PW_BS0000242231241PW_BS0000242941141PW_BS0000243081011PW_BS000024315123PW_BS0000243183123PW_BS0000243221231PW_BS00002429341PW_BS000024253541PW_BS0000241333121PW_BS00013313412121PW_BS0001343317121PW_BS00002833217121PW_BS0000283331212PW_BS0000281151012PW_BS0001153344121PW_BS000028337116121PW_BS00002834141121PW_BS00002834318121PW_BS00002834713125PW_BS00002832914121PW_BS0000283522512PW_BS00002835325127PW_BS00002835625121PW_BS000028360410121PW_BS0000283683601PW_BS0000283702601PW_BS000028228361PW_BS0000241192171PW_BS000119383751PW_BS0001003841251PW_BS000100390761PW_BS0001123911261PW_BS0001123987171PW_BS000113232403PW_BS000024406351PW_BS000115407251PW_BS000115408451PW_BS000115412125PW_BS000115405105PW_BS000115409115PW_BS0001154151851PW_BS0001154141551PW_BS0001154251355PW_BS00011512112171PW_BS0001214192551PW_BS00011543441051PW_BS0001153821451PW_BS000100436255PW_BS0001151203171PW_BS0001203744171PW_BS0000534436171PW_BS0001154461217PW_BS0001153761017PW_BS0000531371117PW_BS00013744717171PW_BS00011513613171PW_BS000136448116171PW_BS00011545118171PW_BS00011545015171PW_BS00011546013175PW_BS00011545525171PW_BS000115469410171PW_BS00011539914171PW_BS0001134712517PW_BS00011547225177PW_BS0001154793101PW_BS0001154812101PW_BS0001154824101PW_BS0001154831110PW_BS0001154781010PW_BS00011548718101PW_BS00011549025101PW_BS0001154957101PW_BS00011548414101PW_BS00011548012101PW_BS000115501361PW_BS000115502461PW_BS000115208116PW_BS000024209106PW_BS0000245041861PW_BS0001155072561PW_BS00011551541061PW_BS0001153891461PW_BS0001123951361PW_BS0001135131761PW_BS0001157906111PW_BS0005248346111PW_BS000549185321PW_BS000024509516PW_BS0000505181PW_BS0000516618518PW_BS000066148824PW_BS00014814911245PW_BS0001491531145PW_BS000153192818PW_BS00002419311185PW_BS0000242007110PW_BS000024326812PW_BS00002832711125PW_BS00002834695126PW_BS0000284241155PW_BS00011541685PW_BS0001154239556PW_BS0001154372557PW_BS00011545911175PW_BS000115452817PW_BS00011545895176PW_BS000115488810PW_BS00011549211105PW_BS00011550586PW_BS0001155091165PW_BS000115471914PW_BS000047231511PW_BS000023241529PW_BS00002425715291PW_BS00002430412PW_BS000024109323PW_BS0001093211515PW_BS000032592711PW_BS000059892PW_BS0000891041431PW_BS00010419914181PW_BS0000242881441PW_BS00002430635511PW_BS00002412815121PW_BS00012833527121PW_BS000028372102PW_BS0000284101551PW_BS0001154222751PW_BS00011544415171PW_BS00011537527171PW_BS00005348515101PW_BS00011549127101PW_BS0001155082761PW_BS0001158911421PW_BS00055216212PW_BS000016397113PW_BS0000395811411PW_BS000058918511PW_BS0000912171518PW_BS00002421815181PW_BS000024350114121PW_BS0000283511512PW_BS000028184121PW_BS00002443311451PW_BS000115435155PW_BS000115468114171PW_BS0001154701517PW_BS0001154991510PW_BS0001155161561PW_BS000115517156PW_BS0001159225711PW_BS00009214117191PW_BS00014131323PW_BS000024215114PW_BS000021562611PW_BS000056682512PW_BS0000683551914PW_BS000035422411PW_BS000042711113PW_BS00007134524121PW_BS0000287413PW_BS0000744182451PW_BS00011545424171PW_BS00011548924101PW_BS0001155062461PW_BS000115100811961PW_BS000577101912401PW_BS00057784711PW_BS000549116985128PW_BS00058384311381PW_BS0005499312011PW_BS00055941811PW_BS00004110761118PW_BS0005781171815128PW_BS0005831168810128PW_BS0005836361PW_BS0000631207Glucose 1-phosphateHMDB0001586The direct product of the reaction in which glycogen phosphorylase cleaves off a molecule of glucose from a greater glycogen structure. It cannot travel down many metabolic pathways and must be interconverted by the enzyme phosphoglucomutase in order to become glucose 6-phosphate. Free glucose 1-phosphate can also react with UTP to form UDP-glucose. It can then return to the greater glycogen structure via glycogen synthase.59-56-3C0010343916516077GLC-1-P388311OC[C@H]1OC(OP(O)(O)=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1OC6H13O9PInChI=1S/C6H13O9P/c7-1-2-3(8)4(9)5(10)6(14-2)15-16(11,12)13/h2-10H,1H2,(H2,11,12,13)/t2-,3-,4+,5-,6?/m1/s1HXXFSFRBOHSIMQ-GASJEMHNSA-N260.1358260.029718526FDB021830Cori ester;D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate;D-glucose 1-phosphate;D-glucose-1-p;D-glucose-1-phosphate;Glucose 1-phosphate;Glucose monophosphate;Glucose-1-phosphate;Glucose-1p;A-d-glucopyranosyl phosphate;A-d-glucose 1-phosphate;Alpha-d-glucopyranosyl phosphate;Alpha-d-glucose 1-phosphate;Alpha-d-glucose-1-phosphate;Alpha-delta-glucopyranosyl phosphate;Alpha-delta-glucose 1-phosphate;Alpha-delta-glucose-1-phosphate;Delta-glucopyranose 1-phosphate;Delta-glucose 1-phosphate;Delta-glucose-1-p;Delta-glucose-1-phosphate;1-o-phosphono-d-glucopyranose;Glc-1-p;D-glucopyranose 1-phosphoric acid;D-glucose 1-phosphoric acidPW_C001207Gluc1P112081505231172956906590914759391516887160125762257710113277926336784011111208261221211861241212544291234111351237571181238244641258172971259532991272692051274123881420WaterHMDB0002111Water is a chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life. It appears colorless to the naked eye in small quantities, though it is actually slightly blue in color. It covers 71% of Earth's surface. Current estimates suggest that there are 1.4 billion cubic kilometers (330 million m3) of it available on Earth, and it exists in many forms. It appears mostly in the oceans (saltwater) and polar ice caps, but it is also present as clouds, rain water, rivers, freshwater aquifers, lakes, and sea ice. Water in these bodies perpetually moves through a cycle of evaporation, precipitation, and runoff to the sea. Clean water is essential to human life. In many parts of the world, it is in short supply. From a biological standpoint, water has many distinct properties that are critical for the proliferation of life that set it apart from other substances. It carries out this role by allowing organic compounds to react in ways that ultimately allow replication. All known forms of life depend on water. Water is vital both as a solvent in which many of the body's solutes dissolve and as an essential part of many metabolic processes within the body. Metabolism is the sum total of anabolism and catabolism. In anabolism, water is removed from molecules (through energy requiring enzymatic chemical reactions) in order to grow larger molecules (e.g. starches, triglycerides and proteins for storage of fuels and information). In catabolism, water is used to break bonds in order to generate smaller molecules (e.g. glucose, fatty acids and amino acids to be used for fuels for energy use or other purposes). Water is thus essential and central to these metabolic processes. Water is also central to photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthetic cells use the sun's energy to split off water's hydrogen from oxygen. Hydrogen is combined with CO2 (absorbed from air or water) to form glucose and release oxygen. All living cells use such fuels and oxidize the hydrogen and carbon to capture the sun's energy and reform water and CO2 in the process (cellular respiration). Water is also central to acid-base neutrality and enzyme function. An acid, a hydrogen ion (H+, that is, a proton) donor, can be neutralized by a base, a proton acceptor such as hydroxide ion (OH-) to form water. Water is considered to be neutral, with a pH (the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration) of 7. Acids have pH values less than 7 while bases have values greater than 7. Stomach acid (HCl) is useful to digestion. However, its corrosive effect on the esophagus during reflux can temporarily be neutralized by ingestion of a base such as aluminum hydroxide to produce the neutral molecules water and the salt aluminum chloride. Human biochemistry that involves enzymes usually performs optimally around a biologically neutral pH of 7.4. (Wikipedia).7732-18-5C0000196215377937OH2OInChI=1S/H2O/h1H2XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N18.015318.010564686FDB013390Dihydrogen oxide;Steam;[oh2];Acqua;Agua;Aqua;Bound water;Dihydridooxygen;Eau;H2o;Hoh;Hydrogen hydroxide;WasserPW_C001420H2O558949109513941513162144811352615624286521069120770338231883821094311377491465541590432018242532222678602727462778172805293143703164723634614598364727374941935030275156751959752141005227945236103529710553191115343113535511254021105470123548312554921265507127553413055371145541129559113556081185622108569165759140577810158411435853146587710758909559101475940151603215560591576087161612316361331596215162181666477178650718066001526713117684018868881607162205718120771932067211211722821372382147243215729519873502167388210740121274672227492224750019075881708201225823722684141629265261185027711922164120112811221328512250286122642871232724912520227126326512693290127052911271529213007298130193001302530113037302132612231332729415340308423273154269531843691322769142937701925377102132771311337721513477378331773973327747133377516115775363347762833677722337777593417781634377982347780713297823535278242353782703567911336080014368800393708059122880656119938303839479438411055739011063939111584439811987923211991512211996340612000840712004640812011312412036541212043040512043840912060641512079441412115842512124042912135112112138141912160743412211838212238443612275312012279737412280444312301244612306437612307213712313144712314213612316244812323145112338445012373046012381046412394045512416546912467039912493847112494547212530529712535347912538648112542448212548029912568248312570747812574548712605449012623849512627348412676448012689650112696350212701738812717720812719920912722750412750650712757651512783638912808239512817651314067479014067583414075518577D-GlucoseHMDB0000122Glucose is a monosaccharide containing six carbon atoms and an aldehyde group and is therefore referred to as an aldohexose. The glucose molecule can exist in an open-chain (acyclic) and ring (cyclic) form, the latter being the result of an intramolecular reaction between the aldehyde C atom and the C-5 hydroxyl group to form an intramolecular hemiacetal. In water solution both forms are in equilibrium and at pH 7 the cyclic one is the predominant. Glucose is a primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. In animals glucose arises from the breakdown of glycogen in a process known as glycogenolysis. Glucose is synthesized in the liver and kidneys from non-carbohydrate intermediates, such as pyruvate and glycerol, by a process known as gluconeogenesis.2280-44-6C0003157934167GLC5589[H]C1(O)O[C@]([H])(CO)[C@@]([H])(O)[C@]([H])(O)[C@@]1([H])OC6H12O6InChI=1S/C6H12O6/c7-1-2-3(8)4(9)5(10)6(11)12-2/h2-11H,1H2/t2-,3-,4+,5-,6?/m1/s1WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N180.1559180.063388116FDB012530Roferose st;(+)-glucose;Anhydrous dextrose;Cpc hydrate;Cerelose;Cerelose 2001;Clearsweet 95;Clintose l;Corn sugar;D(+)-glucose;Dextropur;Dextrose;Dextrosol;Glucodin;Glucolin;Glucose;Goldsugar;Grape sugar;Meritose;Staleydex 111;Staleydex 95m;Tabfine 097(hs);Vadex;D-glc;D-glcp;D-glucosePW_C000077D-Glc14525014602614615115062154043219392439426796027211527236130276631142935933569265896148592214959231525954153636710763681086869192690419370852007244215117651141176613242440318424413157708532677117327779233367798934678236352782483537826235678881113790561121211664241211674161211694231212514291213611241213734191220981261223854361223884371223994071226764091237384591237394521237414581238214641239201181239324551246494431249394711249594721249691191252511371259374881259674921260342991260464901262543011265404811268094831273975051274235091274863881274985071278172071281132061284082081104PhosphateHMDB0001429Phosphate is a salt of phosphoric acid. In organic chemistry, a phosphate, or organophosphate, is an ester of phosphoric acid. Organic phosphates are important in biochemistry, biogeochemistry and ecology. Phosphate (Pi) is an essential component of life. In biological systems, phosphorus is found as a free phosphate ion in solution and is called inorganic phosphate, to distinguish it from phosphates bound in various phosphate esters. Inorganic phosphate is generally denoted Pi and at physiological (neutral) pH primarily consists of a mixture of HPO<sup>2-</sup><sub>4</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>PO<sup>-</sup><sub>4</sub> ions. phosphates are most commonly found in the form of adenosine phosphates, (AMP, ADP and ATP) and in DNA and RNA and can be released by the hydrolysis of ATP or ADP. Similar reactions exist for the other nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates. Phosphoanhydride bonds in ADP and ATP, or other nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates, contain high amounts of energy which give them their vital role in all living organisms. Phosphate must be actively transported into cells against its electrochemical gradient. In vertebrates, two unrelated families of Na+-dependent Pi transporters carry out this task. Remarkably, the two families transport different Pi species: whereas type II Na+/Pi cotransporters (SCL34) prefer divalent HPO4(2), type III Na+/Pi cotransporters (SLC20) transport monovalent H2PO4. The SCL34 family comprises both electrogenic and electroneutral members that are expressed in various epithelia and other polarized cells. Through regulated activity in apical membranes of the gut and kidney, they maintain body Pi homeostasis, and in salivary and mammary glands, liver, and testes they play a role in modulating the Pi content of luminal fluids. Phosphate levels in the blood play an important role in hormone signaling and in bone homeostasis. In classical endocrine regulation, low serum phosphate induces the renal production of the seco-steroid hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3).This active metabolite of vitamin D acts to restore circulating mineral (i.e. phosphate and calcium) levels by increasing absorption in the intestine, reabsorption in the kidney, and mobilization of calcium and phosphate from bone. Thus, chronic renal failure is associated with hyperparathyroidism, which in turn contributes to osteomalacia (softening of the bones). Another complication of chronic renal failure is hyperphosphatemia (low levels of phosphate in the blood). Hyperphosphatemia (excess levels of phosphate in the blood) is a prevalent condition in kidney dialysis patients and is associated with increased risk of mortality. Hypophosphatemia (hungry bone syndrome) has been associated to postoperative electrolyte aberrations and after parathyroidectomy. (PMID: 17581921, 11169009, 11039261, 9159312, 17625581)Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) has recently been recognized as a key mediator of phosphate homeostasis, its most notable effect being promotion of phosphate excretion. FGF-23 was discovered to be involved in diseases such as autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets, X-linked hypophosphatemia, and tumor-induced osteomalacia in which phosphate wasting was coupled to inappropriately low levels of 1,25(OH)2D3. FGF-23 is regulated by dietary phosphate in humans. In particular it was found that phosphate restriction decreased FGF-23, and phosphate loading increased FGF-23.14265-44-2C00009106118367CPD-85871032OP(O)(O)=OH3O4PInChI=1S/H3O4P/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H3,1,2,3,4)NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N97.995297.976895096DBMET00532FDB022617Nfb orthophosphate;O-phosphoric acid;Ortho-phosphate;Orthophosphate (po43-);Orthophosphate(3-);Phosphate;Phosphate (po43-);Phosphate anion(3-);Phosphate ion (po43-);Phosphate ion(3-);Phosphate trianion;Phosphate(3-);Phosphoric acid ion(3-);Pi;[po4](3-);Orthophosphate;Phosphate ion;Po4(3-);Phosphoric acid;Orthophosphoric acid;Phosphoric acid ionPW_C001104Pi2448488145818188312980317631417674925001027294727374631292931667236366138512342492244753150312751587520797521610053171115351112538110354471205543129557313356051355625108569365848143585514659111475941151604015561001616294107648717866911016714117684218868891607161205718920672122117306198738921074022127436163747522281962258258227101182411013425711748132117611151177321311904170119271641201428112728290132632233481917422553044235031542435318436923227701825377194293772171347794033677966130780483327805732978245353786693318002236889279308938313839479638411055839011064039111323594115845398116206109119982406120069122120699407121057124121216125121268429121352121121409123121423382121852405123304119123621118123786136123838464123968447123981399124405376124948472125362479125446297125774481125954299126221478126594300126604298126723484126904501127413388127783209128166395128177513128315389192Uridine triphosphateHMDB0000285Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Uridine triphosphate has the role of a source of energy or an activator of substrates in metabolic reactions, like that of adenosine triphosphate, but more specific. When Uridine triphosphate activates a substrate, UDP-substrate is usually formed and inorganic phosphate is released. (Wikipedia).63-39-8C00075613315713UTP5903O[C@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@@H]1COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)N1C=CC(=O)NC1=OC9H15N2O15P3InChI=1S/C9H15N2O15P3/c12-5-1-2-11(9(15)10-5)8-7(14)6(13)4(24-8)3-23-28(19,20)26-29(21,22)25-27(16,17)18/h1-2,4,6-8,13-14H,3H2,(H,19,20)(H,21,22)(H,10,12,15)(H2,16,17,18)/t4-,6-,7-,8-/m1/s1PGAVKCOVUIYSFO-XVFCMESISA-N484.1411483.968527356FDB0219295'-utp;Utp;Uridine 5'-triphosphate;Uridine mono(tetrahydrogen triphosphate);Uridine triphosphate;Uteplex;H4utp;Uridine 5'-triphosphoric acidPW_C000192UTP39381514231232959791476175108727016042712315772991117793233678252132120310122121262429121362124122965135123832464123921118125639297126035299127271205127487388193Uridine diphosphate glucoseHMDB0000286Uridine diphosphate glucose is a key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.133-89-1C0002953477679UDP-GLUCOSEDB01861OC[C@H]1O[C@H](OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]2O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]2O)N2C=CC(=O)NC2=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1OC15H24N2O17P2InChI=1S/C15H24N2O17P2/c18-3-5-8(20)10(22)12(24)14(32-5)33-36(28,29)34-35(26,27)30-4-6-9(21)11(23)13(31-6)17-2-1-7(19)16-15(17)25/h1-2,5-6,8-14,18,20-24H,3-4H2,(H,26,27)(H,28,29)(H,16,19,25)/t5-,6-,8-,9-,10+,11-,12-,13-,14-/m1/s1HSCJRCZFDFQWRP-JZMIEXBBSA-N566.3018566.055020376FDB005660(udp)glucose;(upd)-glucose;Udp glucose;Udp-d-glucose;Udp-glc;Udp-glucose;Udp-a-d-glucose;Udp-alpha-d-glucose;Udp-alpha-delta-glucose;Udp-delta-glucose;Udpg;Udpglucose;Uridine 5'-diphosphate glucose;Uridine 5'-diphospho-a-d-glucose;Uridine 5'-diphospho-alpha-d-glucose;Uridine 5'-diphospho-alpha-delta-glucose;Uridine 5'-diphosphoglucose;Uridine 5'-pyrophosphate a-d-glucopyranosyl ester;Uridine 5'-pyrophosphate a-delta-glucopyranosyl ester;Uridine diphosphate-glucose;Uridine diphospho-d-glucose;Uridine diphospho-delta-glucose;Uridine diphosphoglucose;Uridine pyrophosphate-glucosePW_C000193UDPG112781515221964922034331182959801477245213724921472711608432151119111647792733678253132784021117888233178885356120828122121255429121363124122100383122104419123413135123825464123922118124651398124655455125819297126036299126256495126260490127272205127488388127819390127823507170PyrophosphateHMDB0000250The anion, the salts, and the esters of pyrophosphoric acid are called pyrophosphates. The pyrophosphate anion is abbreviated PPi and is formed by the hydrolysis of ATP into AMP in cells. This hydrolysis is called pyrophosphorolysis. The pyrophosphate anion has the structure P2O74-, and is an acid anhydride of phosphate. It is unstable in aqueous solution and rapidly hydrolyzes into inorganic phosphate. Pyrophosphate is an osteotoxin (arrests bone development) and an arthritogen (promotes arthritis). It is also a metabotoxin (an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health affects at chronically high levels). Chronically high levels of pyrophosphate are associated with hypophosphatasia. Hypophosphatasia (also called deficiency of alkaline phosphatase or phosphoethanolaminuria) is a rare, and sometimes fatal, metabolic bone disease. Hypophosphatasia is associated with a molecular defect in the gene encoding tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP). TNSALP is an enzyme that is tethered to the outer surface of osteoblasts and chondrocytes. TNSALP hydrolyzes several substances, including inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), a major form of vitamin B6. When TSNALP is low, inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) accumulates outside of cells and inhibits the formation of hydroxyapatite, one of the main components of bone, causing rickets in infants and children and osteomalacia (soft bones) in adults. Vitamin B6 must be dephosphorylated by TNSALP before it can cross the cell membrane. Vitamin B6 deficiency in the brain impairs synthesis of neurotransmitters which can cause seizures. In some cases, a build-up of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals in the joints can cause pseudogout.14000-31-8C0001364410218361PPI559142DB04160OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=OH4O7P2InChI=1S/H4O7P2/c1-8(2,3)7-9(4,5)6/h(H2,1,2,3)(H2,4,5,6)XPPKVPWEQAFLFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N177.9751177.943225506FDB021918(4-)diphosphoric acid ion;(p2o74-)diphosphate;Diphosphate;Diphosphoric acid;Ppi;Pyrometaphosphate;Pyrophosphate;Pyrophosphate tetraanion;Pyrophosphate(4-) ion;[o3popo3](4-);Diphosphat;P2o7(4-);Pyrophosphat;Pyrophosphate ion;Phosphonato phosphoric acid;Pyrophosphoric acid;Pyrophosphoric acid ionPW_C000170Ppi122354638429237353288222121731620492410592815294175144868545034895252104529410154091175424103543311854581205548111555913255841335606135565510858791076239166697819970731887134163727216073121987318213827515182832101186916112002222120411641231522512323249125122881257922612695290152193061537518347601742561315426973187723532977317128776353367841633578928331791531127995013479958130800473728041717085630194786384948141259481938298678223110634391113270395113275389115527136115532399119934122120017124120032406120330410120936407121261429121341121121486383122407422122985444123502119123831464124044398124977375125324297125395299125410479125597484125656485125876481126552491126869205126935388126950501127337206128124508140772891414Adenosine triphosphateHMDB0000538Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).56-65-5C00002595715422ATP5742DB00171NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC10H16N5O13P3InChI=1S/C10H16N5O13P3/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(17)6(16)4(26-10)1-25-30(21,22)28-31(23,24)27-29(18,19)20/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H,21,22)(H,23,24)(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA-KQYNXXCUSA-N507.181506.995745159FDB0218135'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate) adenosine;5'-atp;Atp;Adenosine 5'-triphosphate;Adenosine 5'-triphosphorate;Adenosine 5'-triphosphoric acid;Adenosine triphosphate;Adenylpyrophosphorate;Adenylpyrophosphoric acid;Adephos;Adetol;Adynol;Atipi;Atriphos;Cardenosine;Fosfobion;Glucobasin;Myotriphos;Phosphobion;Striadyne;Triadenyl;Triphosphaden;Triphosphoric acid adenosine ester;Adenosine-5'-triphosphate;H4atp;Adenosine triphosphoric acid;Adenosine-5'-triphosphoric acidPW_C000414ATP92214608266164142247813733327995934399763210518211210214649215614216058240559243427272646281229302966316372361661361751439923447431476891486454503289503526515575205975215100525010452911015313111534611253901035406117543011854431205542129555613255691335603135562110858461435854146587610758971475924151604815561091616230166649317868391886870160697619971572057184206720921072252137229211729819873022167390217740821874321637481222749919081862251184727711903170120102811203916412178285125782261269129013264223153273084232631542621322426943187702825377218134772333297746833377632336780373327804135078168128782143517824035378411335784941157885013078865331789193348002836880046184806741198562919482612411323494113282388116280109119914122119992406120154407120245382120362412121246429121392123121397433121471408121974410122065125122079383122083405122402422122444435122919399123009446123816464123951447123956468124029374124527444124616136124630398124634376124943472124972375125011470125304297125371479125392299125515481125595484126123485126220300126234495126240478126547491126596499126913501127123389127731516127781395127796390127801209128119508128167517140770891201Uridine 5'-diphosphateHMDB0000295Uridine 5'-diphosphate is a uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety. UDP is an important extracellular pyrimidine signaling molecule that mediates diverse biological effects via P1 and P2 purinergic receptors, such as the uptake of thymidine and proliferation of gliomas. (PMID: 14558596). UDP induces intracellular Ca(2+) responses and oscillations in HeLa cells, due to the activation of P2Ys (G-protein coupled ATP receptors). (PMID: 1257952).58-98-0C00015603117659UDP5809DB03435O[C@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@@H]1COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)N1C=CC(=O)NC1=OC9H14N2O12P2InChI=1S/C9H14N2O12P2/c12-5-1-2-11(9(15)10-5)8-7(14)6(13)4(22-8)3-21-25(19,20)23-24(16,17)18/h1-2,4,6-8,13-14H,3H2,(H,19,20)(H,10,12,15)(H2,16,17,18)/t4-,6-,7-,8-/m1/s1XCCTYIAWTASOJW-XVFCMESISA-N404.1612404.002196946FDB0075095'-udp;Udp;Uridine 5'-diphosphate;Uridine 5'-pyrophosphate;Uridine 5'-pyrophosphorate;Uridine 5'-pyrophosphoric acid;Uridine diphosphate;Uridine pyrophosphate;Uridine 5'-diphosphoric acid;Uridine diphosphoric acidPW_C000201UDP410815172154543219749235293115294463184518104846364946925178955527130583414170571607246213724821472872108433151119131641261522577304111773603317792433678255132782643561203151221212524291213651241213754191221013831223781251229701351238224641239241181239344551246523981249321361256432971260382991260484901262574951274903881275005071278203901034Adenosine diphosphateHMDB0001341Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a nucleotide. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleotide adenine. ADP consists of the pyrophosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. ADP is the product of ATP dephosphorylation by ATPases. ADP is converted back to ATP by ATP synthases.58-64-0C00008602216761ADP5800NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC10H15N5O10P2InChI=1S/C10H15N5O10P2/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(17)6(16)4(24-10)1-23-27(21,22)25-26(18,19)20/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H,21,22)(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1XTWYTFMLZFPYCI-KQYNXXCUSA-N427.2011427.029414749FDB021817Adp;Adenosindiphosphorsaeure;Adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate;Adenosine diphosphate;Adenosine pyrophosphate;Adenosine-5'-diphosphate;Adenosine-5-diphosphate;Adenosine-diphosphate;5'-adenylphosphoric acid;Adenosine 5'-diphosphate;H3adp;5'-adenylphosphate;Adenosine 5'-diphosphoric acid;Adenosine-5'-diphosphoric acidPW_C001034ADP234134841522482138015963159783106114151821901492104182113102161582408592435272728472736462855293165723635614400234476314770915036265157752089752171005315111534911253921035446120554412955721335624108574111757641015849143585614658781075899147592615160501556111161623116664951786700946841188687216071592057187206720821072262137231211730019873032167391217741021874331637483222818722511851277119051701201328112180285132622231532930842328315423983134262232242696318770292537708713277216134773063297747233377663336780393327804335078170128782153517824435378414335784951157870533178849130789203348003036880622118806511358067611994827124113283388116204109119944122119994406120156407120318382120366412121248429121394123121399433121472408121899383121976410122064125122085405122405422122445435122973399123013446123818464123953447123958468124030374124452398124529444124615136124636376124947472124975375125012470125334297125373479125492299125517481125645484126125485126219300126235495126242478126550491126597499126915501127733516127780395127797390127803209128122508128168517128313389423MagnesiumHMDB0000547Magnesium salts are essential in nutrition, being required for the activity of many enzymes, especially those concerned with oxidative phosphorylation. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. It is a component of both intra- and extracellular fluids and is excreted in the urine and feces. Deficiency causes irritability of the nervous system with tetany, vasodilatation, convulsions, tremors, depression, and psychotic behavior. Magnesium ion in large amounts is an ionic laxative, and magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts) is sometimes used for this purpose. So-called "milk of magnesia" is a water suspension of one of the few insoluble magnesium compounds, magnesium hydroxide; the undissolved particles give rise to its appearance and name. Milk of magnesia is a mild base, and is commonly used as an antacid.22537-22-0C003058881842013-HYDROXY-MAGNESIUM-PROTOPORP865DB01378[Mg++]MgInChI=1S/Mg/q+2JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N24.30523.985041898FDB003518Magnesium;Magnesium ions;Magnesium ion;Magnesium, doubly charged positive ion;Magnesium, ion (mg(2+));Mg(2+);Mg2+PW_C000423Mg2+86822742681647627272681158191888322936399833992211167461483491529431764142124102411592942233126293373745403147749148695449745652531045329111535611253761035906147593415160381556094161625016664841786594164688116069791997170205719420672272137233211725021473102167313198747322211763132118432101231222512324249125132881258122612729290152752851533730877137133772363297793733678393334784173357848911578522331785363567857413080020368800451848004837280623118806541358086515809652538184151938323839490027108596223110559390115687398119974406120070122120247382120702407120981408121181124121265429121319419121924125122086405122408422122759120122921399123307119123546374123835464123889455124477136124637376124978375125447297125598484125669479125777481125921482125947299125973495126000490126243478126553491126753300127125389127164501127380502127407388127451507127804209128125508128347395140773891194Uridine 5'-monophosphateHMDB00002885'-Uridylic acid. A uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position. Uridine 5'-monophosphate is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside uridine. UMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase uracil. (Wikipedia).58-97-9C00105603016695UMP5808DB03685O[C@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@@H]1COP(O)(O)=O)N1C=CC(=O)NC1=OC9H13N2O9PInChI=1S/C9H13N2O9P/c12-5-1-2-11(9(15)10-5)8-7(14)6(13)4(20-8)3-19-21(16,17)18/h1-2,4,6-8,13-14H,3H2,(H,10,12,15)(H2,16,17,18)/t4-,6-,7-,8-/m1/s1DJJCXFVJDGTHFX-XVFCMESISA-N324.1813324.035866536FDB0075085'-ump;Ump;Uridine 5'-monophosphate;Uridine 5'-phosphate;Uridine 5'-phosphorate;Uridine 5'-phosphoric acid;Uridine mono(dihydrogen phosphate);Uridine monophosphate;Uridine phosphate;Uridine-5'-monophosphate;Uridylic acid;5'uridylic acid;Pu;Uridine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate);UridylatePW_C000194U-5-P152721591437825713278271356121367124121382419123926118123941455126040299126055490127492388127507507206Uridine diphosphategalactoseHMDB0000302Uridine diphosphategalactose (UDPgal) is a nucleoside diphosphate sugar which can be epimerized into UDPglucose for entry into the mainstream of carbohydrate metabolism. UDPgal is a pivotal compound in the metabolism of galactose. UDPgal is a product of the galactose-l-phosphate uridyl transferase (EC 2.7.7.10) reaction but may also be made from Glucose-l-P, involving uridine diphosphate galactose-4-epimerase (EC 5.1.3.2). UDPgal is the necessary galactosyl donor of galactose in the metabolism to incorporate it into complex oligosaccharides, glycoproteins and glycolipids (galactosides). Defective galactosylation of complex glycoconjugates exists in tissues from galactosemic patients. There is a tendency for galactosemic red cell UDPgal to be in the low normal range with a high uridine diphosphate glucose to UDP-gal ratio. This may reflect an inability of red cell UDPgal-4'-epimerase to maintain a normal ratio and consequently higher levels of UDPgal. In the more complex white blood cells and cultured fibroblasts, the UDPgal content and the uridine diphosphate glucose to UDPgal ratio of galactosemics are normal. Therefore, defective galactosylation observed in galactosemic fibroblasts must result from a defect in the transfer of galactose from UDPgal to these moieties. (PMID: 2122114, 7671968).2956-16-3C000521806867119UDP-GLACTOSE17069OC[C@H]1O[C@H](O[P@@](O)(=O)O[P@@](O)(=O)OC[C@H]2O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]2O)N2C=CC(=O)NC2=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC15H24N2O17P2InChI=1S/C15H24N2O17P2/c18-3-5-8(20)10(22)12(24)14(32-5)33-36(28,29)34-35(26,27)30-4-6-9(21)11(23)13(31-6)17-2-1-7(19)16-15(17)25/h1-2,5-6,8-14,18,20-24H,3-4H2,(H,26,27)(H,28,29)(H,16,19,25)/t5-,6-,8+,9-,10+,11-,12-,13-,14-/m1/s1HSCJRCZFDFQWRP-ABVWGUQPSA-N566.3018566.055020376FDB021811Gdu;Udp galactose;Udp-d-galactopyranose;Udp-d-galactose;Udp-gal;Udp-galactopyranose;Udp-galactose;Udp-a-d-galactose;Udp-alpha-d-galactose;Udp-alpha-delta-galactose;Udp-delta-galactopyranose;Udp-delta-galactose;Udpgalactose;Upg;Udpgal;Uridine 5'-(alpha-d-galactopyranosyl pyrophosphate);Uridine 5'-(alpha-delta-galactopyranosyl pyrophosphate);Uridine 5'-[3-(d-galactopyranosyl) dihydrogen diphosphate];Uridine 5'-diphosphate galactose;Uridine 5'-diphosphogalactose;Uridine 5'-pyrophosphate d-galactosyl ester;Uridine 5'-pyrophosphate a-d-galactopyranosyl ester;Uridine 5'-pyrophosphate a-d-galactosyl ester;Uridine 5'-pyrophosphate a-delta-galactopyranosyl ester;Uridine 5'-pyrophosphate a-delta-galactosyl ester;Uridine 5'-pyrophosphate alpha-d-galactosyl ester;Uridine 5'-pyrophosphate alpha-delta-galactosyl ester;Uridine diphosphate galactose;Uridine diphosphate-d-galactose;Uridine diphosphate-delta-galactose;Uridine diphosphate-galactose;Uridine diphosphogalactose;Uridine pyrophosphate a-d-galactopyranosyl ester;Uridine pyrophosphate a-delta-galactopyranosyl ester;Uridine pyrophosphate alpha-d-galactopyranosyl ester;Uridine pyrophosphate alpha-delta-galactopyranosyl ester;Uridine pyrophosphogalactose;Uridinediphosphate galactose;Uridinediphosphogalactose;Udp-alpha-d-galactopyranose;Udp-α-d-galactose;Udp-a-d-galactopyranose;Udp-α-d-galactopyranose;Uridine diphosphoric acid galactosePW_C000206UDPPG113681531215444331132977922336782591327826335678407111120836122121250429121369124121374419123421135123820464123928118123933455125827297126042299126047490127280205127494388127499507504Galactose 1-phosphateHMDB0000645Galactose 1-phosphate is a member of the class of compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. Monosaccharide phosphates are monosaccharides comprising a phosphated group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose 1-phosphate is an intermediate in the galactose metabolism and nucleotide sugars metabolism pathways (KEGG). It is formed from galactose by galactokinase (Wikipedia). Galactose 1-phosphate is considered to be soluble (in water) and acidic.2255-14-3C0044612391217973GALACTOSE-1P110443DB02317OC[C@H]1O[C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC6H13O9PInChI=1S/C6H13O9P/c7-1-2-3(8)4(9)5(10)6(14-2)15-16(11,12)13/h2-10H,1H2,(H2,11,12,13)/t2-,3+,4+,5-,6-/m1/s1HXXFSFRBOHSIMQ-FPRJBGLDSA-N260.1358260.029718526FDB0011591-(dihydrogen phosphate) galactitol;1-phosphate a-d-galactopyranose;D-galactose 1-phosphate;Galactopyranose 1-phosphate;Galactose 1-phosphate;A-d-1-(dihydrogen phosphate) galactopyranose;A-d-galactopyranosyl phosphate;A-d-galactose 1-phosphate;A-d-galactosyl phosphate;Alpha-d-1-(dihydrogen phosphate) galactopyranose;Alpha-d-galactopyranosyl phosphate;Alpha-d-galactose 1-phosphate;Alpha-d-galactosyl phosphate;Alpha-d-galactopyranose 1-phosphate;A-d-galactopyranose 1-phosphate;A-d-galactopyranose 1-phosphoric acid;Alpha-d-galactopyranose 1-phosphoric acid;α-d-galactopyranose 1-phosphate;α-d-galactopyranose 1-phosphoric acid;Galactose 1-phosphoric acidPW_C000504G1P1137815322311129125721517792033678260132784081111208371221212474291213701241234221351238174641239291181258282971260432991272812051274953889794IronHMDB0015531Iron is a metallic element found in certain minerals, in nearly all soils, and in mineral waters. Iron is required for life. It exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. It can be found primarily in blood and it is an essential constituent of hemoglobin, cytochrome, and other components of respiratory enzyme systems. Its chief functions are in the transport of oxygen to tissue (hemoglobin) and in cellular oxidation mechanisms. Depletion of iron stores may result in iron-deficiency anemia. Iron is used to build up the blood in anemia. In humans, iron is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include the rofecoxib pathway, magnesium salicylate action pathway, etodolac pathway, and diclofenac pathway. Iron is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency (APRT), porphyria variegata (PV), adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency, and AICA-ribosiduria. The major activity of supplemental iron is in the prevention and treatment of iron-deficiency anemia. Iron has putative immune-enhancing, anticarcinogenic, and cognition-enhancing activities. Iron can be found in a number of food items such as chinese water chestnut, hyssop, daikon radish, and peppermint, which makes it a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.7439-89-6C00023239251824822368DB01592[Fe++]FeInChI=1S/Fe/q+2CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N55.84555.934942133C0002326fe;Eisen;Fe;Fer;Ferrum;HierroPW_C009794Iron1138812665153321635493119294341187330213120562257768313077928336782611327840911178428334789383311208381221209924081212564291213711241215023831217271251234231351235573741238264641239301181240603981242781361258292971259324821260442991272822051273915021274963881005Zinc (II) ionHMDB0001303Zinc is an essential element, necessary for sustaining all life.Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. It is estimated that 3000 of the hundreds of thousands of proteins in the human body contain zinc prosthetic groups. In addition, there are over a dozen types of cells in the human body that secrete zinc ions, and the roles of these secreted zinc signals in medicine and health are now being actively studied. Intriguingly, brain cells in the mammalian forebrain are one type of cell that secretes zinc, along with its other neuronal messenger substances. Cells in the salivary gland, prostate, immune system and intestine are other types that secrete zinc. Obtaining a sufficient zinc intake during pregnancy and in young children is a problem, especially among those who cannot afford a good and varied diet. Brain development is stunted by zinc deficiency in utero and in youth. Zinc is an activator of certain enzymes, such as carbonic anhydrase. Carbonic anhydrase is important in the transport of carbon dioxide in vertebrate blood. Even though zinc is an essential requirement for a healthy body, too much zinc can be harmful. Excessive absorption of zinc can also suppress copper and iron absorption. The free zinc ion in solution is highly toxic to plants, invertebrates, and even vertebrate fish. The Free Ion Activity Model (FIAM) is well-established in the literature, and shows that just micromolar amounts of the free ion kills some organisms.23713-49-7C000383205129105ZN%2b229723DB01593[Zn++]ZnInChI=1S/Zn/q+2PTFCDOFLOPIGGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N65.40963.929146578FDB003729Zinc;Zinc ion;Dietary zinc;Zinc cation;Zinc, ion (zn2+);Zn(ii);Zn(2+);Zn2+PW_C001005Zinc13238411882711652915295751304468312029314770541011754251035434118545912055601325585133559813574491661178719812466226127242901332115176967225774011117758011477929336804001120020124120035406120060122120441409121257429123075137123827464125398299125413479125438297125685483126938388126953501126976205127180208119α-LactoseHMDB0000186alpha-Lactose is the major sugar present in milk and the main source of energy supplied to the newborn mammalian in its mother's milk. Lactose is also an important osmotic regulator of lactation. It is digested by the intestinal lactase (EC 3.2.1.108), an enzyme expressed in newborns. Its activity declines following weaning. As a result, adult mammals are normally lactose-intolerant and more than 75% of the human adult population suffers from lactase deficiency. Lactase deficiency is present in up to 80 percent of blacks and Latinos, and up to 100 percent of American Indians and Asians. Persons with lactose intolerance are unable to digest significant amounts of lactose. Common symptoms include abdominal pain and bloating, excessive flatus, and watery stool following the ingestion of foods containing lactose. A sizable number of adults believe they are lactose intolerant but do not actually have impaired lactose digestion, and some persons with lactase deficiency can tolerate moderate amounts of ingested lactose. A diagnosis of lactose intolerance can usually be made with a careful history supported by dietary manipulation. If necessary, diagnosis can be confirmed by using a breath hydrogen or lactose tolerance test. These mostly uncomfortable symptoms of lactose maldigestion are blamed for a variably dairy consumption. There is, however, emerging evidence that certain lactic acid-producing bacteria, which selectively consume prebiotics, may be beneficial against some lower intestinal diseases. Lactose maldigestion and lactose should perhaps be re-evaluated as a potential provider of such a prebiotic. Treatment consists primarily of avoiding lactose-containing foods. Lactase enzyme supplements may be helpful. The degree of lactose malabsorption varies greatly among patients with lactose intolerance, but most of them can ingest up to 350 mL of milk daily without symptoms. Lactose-intolerant patients must ensure adequate calcium intake. (PMID: 13130292, 12216958, 12197838, 12018807).63-42-3C002438457136219LACTOSE76293DB04465OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)O[C@@H]2CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC12H22O11InChI=1S/C12H22O11/c13-1-3-5(15)6(16)9(19)12(22-3)23-10-4(2-14)21-11(20)8(18)7(10)17/h3-20H,1-2H2/t3-,4-,5+,6+,7-,8-,9-,10-,11+,12+/m1/s1GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-XLOQQCSPSA-N342.2965342.116211546FDB001145(+)-lactose;1-beta-d-galactopyranosyl-4-alpha-d-glucopyranose;1-beta-delta-galactopyranosyl-4-alpha-delta-glucopyranose;4-o-hexopyranosylhexose;Aletobiose;Anhydrous lactose;Dilactose;Fast-flo lactose;Flowlac 100;Galactinum;Glc-(4-1)gal;Granulac 140m;Lactin;Lactin (carbohydrate);Lactobiose;Lactohale 300;Lactose;Lactose fast-flo;Lactose anhydride;Milk sugar;Osmolactan;Pharmatosa dcl 21;Pharmatose 21;Pharmatose 325m;Pharmatose dcl 15;Prismalac;Respitose ml 003;Respitose sv 003;Saccharum lactin;Sachelac;Sorbalac 400;Sorbolac 400;Spherolac;Super-tab;Tablettose;Tablettose 70;Tablettose 80;Zeparox ep;A-lactose;Alpha-lactose;4-o-beta-d-galactopyranosyl-alpha-d-glucopyranose;Beta-d-galp-(1->4)-alpha-d-glcp;1-b-d-galactopyranosyl-4-a-d-glucopyranose;1-β-d-galactopyranosyl-4-α-d-glucopyranose;α-lactose;4-o-b-d-galactopyranosyl-a-d-glucopyranose;4-o-β-d-galactopyranosyl-α-d-glucopyranose;B-d-galp-(1->4)-a-d-glcp;β-d-galp-(1->4)-α-d-glcpPW_C000119Lactin154643267760309995706108606210560631074242531842426315779081137823435278265356121234126121376419122383436123804443123935455124937471126049490127501507353CalciumHMDB0000464Calcium is essential for the normal growth and maintenance of bones and teeth, and calcium requirements must be met throughout life. Requirements are greatest during periods of growth, such as childhood, during pregnancy and when breast-feeding. Long-term calcium deficiency can lead to osteoporosis, in which the bone deteriorates and there is an increased risk of fractures. Adults need between 1,000 and 1,300 mg of calcium in their daily diet. Calcium is essential for living organisms, particularly in cell physiology, and is the most common metal in many animals. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. Calcium combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. Calcium is an important component of a healthy diet. A deficit can affect bone and tooth formation, while overretention can cause kidney stones. Vitamin D is needed to absorb calcium. Dairy products, such as milk and cheese, are a well-known source of calcium. However, some individuals are allergic to dairy products and even more people, particularly those of non-European descent, are lactose-intolerant, leaving them unable to consume dairy products. Fortunately, many other good sources of calcium exist. These include: seaweeds such as kelp, wakame and hijiki; nuts and seeds (like almonds and sesame); beans; amaranth; collard greens; okra; rutabaga; broccoli; kale; and fortified products such as orange juice and soy milk. Calcium has also been found to assist in the production of lymphatic fluids.14127-61-8C0007627129108CA%2b2266DB01373[Ca++]CaInChI=1S/Ca/q+2BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N40.07839.962591155FDB003513Ca;Calcium element;Ca(2+);Ca2+;Calcium ion;Calcium, doubly charged positive ionPW_C000353Ca2+276163038553146012941159932199735104631163461164471478491491421552432116582138172796182937931597131607239422941866647821048222853401115780101717920572322117258160728119011774213118371981184221012198164122152851528815115350308693361773893317760011578154132782663567852634578724130789081148041374805892288182651120220122120465405121049124121300418121377419121850383121923125122370409122895135123099376123613118123870454123936455124403398124476136124924137125571297125711478125981489126009299126050490126533495127203209127434506127460388127502507128105390140676790140677834140695501027ManganeseHMDB0001333Manganese is an essential trace nutrient in all forms of life. Physiologically, it. exists as an ion in the body. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver.16397-91-4C196102785429035MN%2b325916[Mn++]MnInChI=1S/Mn/q+2WAEMQWOKJMHJLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N54.93854.938049636FDB003636Manganese;Manganese (ii) ion;Manganese(ii);Manganese, ion (mn2+);Manganous ion;Mn(2+);Mn2+PW_C001027Mn2+27447381486491553432271223943251314539410354501205576133605215561131616497178692616074852221188019811939225119581641247124913360151152213067705029477494111778321327796111278267356784901157852433179247293800323681199964061204011221210581241212114071212953831213784191224884051230441351236221181237811191238653981239374551250543761253754791259764951260514901260602971261582991265434811266424781269175011274293901275035071275122051277653881281162061282182091441Phosphoric acidHMDB0002142Phosphoric acid, also known as orthophosphoric acid or phosphoric(V) acid, is a mineral acid with the chemical formula H3PO4. Alternatively, orthophosphoric acid molecules can combine with themselves to form a variety of compounds referred to as phosphoric acids in a more general way. For a discussion of these, see Phosphoric acids and Phosphates. Appears to exist only as a food additive and produced synthetically. --Wikipedia.7664-38-2C00009100426078979OP(O)(O)=OH3O4PInChI=1S/H3O4P/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H3,1,2,3,4)NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N97.995297.976895096FDB013380Acide phosphorique (french);Acido fosforico [italian];Acidum phosphoricum;Diphosphate tetrasodium;Fosforzuuroplossingen [dutch];Marphos;Nfb;Ortho- phosphoric acid;Orthophosphoric acid;Phosphoric acid (acd/name 4.0);Phosphorsaeure;Phosphorsaeureloesungen [german];Sodium pyrophosphate;Sodium pyrophosphate decahydrate;Sodium pyrophosphate decahydrate biochemica;Sonac;Tetra-sodium pyrophosphate;Tetrasodium pyrophosphate decahydrate;Tetrasodium pyrophosphate 10-hydrate;White phosphoric acid;[po(oh)3];Acide phosphorique;H3po4;Phosphate;Phosphorsaeureloesungen;OrthophosphatePW_C001441PhosfrA171844044831315924316782190249191054856359131475943151689116011782198118282131182921611852277126383177105132773301337747333377779111780001127827235678706331787073348067113580677119119918122120126124120157407120344406120367412121383419121900383121902408122858118122994120123014446123942455124453398124455374125308297125493299125518481125664479126056490126855205127030388127053206127159501127508507368Glucose-6-phosphataseP35575Hydrolyzes glucose-6-phosphate to glucose in the endoplasmic reticulum. Forms with the glucose-6-phosphate transporter (SLC37A4/G6PT) the complex responsible for glucose production through glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Hence, it is the key enzyme in homeostatic regulation of blood glucose levels.
HMDBP00376G6PC17q21AK30377113.1.3.91510231302956946900410141357160141812261423141008142516101914343684714378011691441428431443259311008UTP--glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferaseQ16851Plays a central role as a glucosyl donor in cellular metabolic pathways.
HMDBP01074UGP22p14-p13BC00295412.7.7.91128815162312429140474714428126108Nucleoside diphosphate kinase BP22392Major role in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP. Negatively regulates Rho activity by interacting with AKAP13/LBC. Acts as a transcriptional activator of the MYC gene; binds DNA non-specifically (PubMed:8392752). Exhibits histidine protein kinase activity.
HMDBP00112NME217q21.3M3698112.7.4.6; 2.7.13.372826151924766314776913UMP-CMP kinaseP30085Catalyzes specific phosphoryl transfer from ATP to UMP and CMP.
HMDBP00003CMPK11p32AL51332212.7.4.14; 2.7.4.61528233474133717410523431881367331661429931076143512321026Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferaseP07902HMDBP01092GALT9p13L4636312.7.7.121139815342312129144275261794Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1P11166Facilitative glucose transporter. This isoform may be responsible for constitutive or basal glucose uptake. Has a very broad substrate specificity; can transport a wide range of aldoses including both pentoses and hexoses.
HMDBP02114SLC2A11p34.2BC118590114379411711438211169143881511439311168364Alpha-lactalbuminP00709Regulatory subunit of lactose synthase, changes the substrate specificity of galactosyltransferase in the mammary gland making glucose a good acceptor substrate for this enzyme. This enables LS to synthesize lactose, the major carbohydrate component of milk. In other tissues, galactosyltransferase transfers galactose onto the N-acetylglucosamine of the oligosaccharide chains in glycoproteins.
HMDBP00372LALBACR541987115474314895463369Beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1P15291The Golgi complex form catalyzes the production of lactose in the lactating mammary gland and could also be responsible for the synthesis of complex-type N-linked oligosaccharides in many glycoproteins as well as the carbohydrate moieties of glycolipids.
The cell surface form functions as a recognition molecule during a variety of cell to cell and cell to matrix interactions, as those occurring during development and egg fertilization, by binding to specific oligosaccharide ligands on opposing cells or in the extracellular matrix.
HMDBP00377B4GALT19p13M1370112.4.1.-; 2.4.1.22; 2.4.1.90; 2.4.1.38; 2.4.1.-1548433116291442762682Soluble calcium-activated nucleotidase 1Q8WVQ1Calcium-dependent nucleotidase with a preference for UDP. The order of activity with different substrates is UDP > GDP > UTP > GTP. Has very low activity towards ADP and even lower activity towards ATP. Does not hydrolyze AMP and GMP. Involved in proteoglycan synthesis.
HMDBP00085CANT117q25.3BC06503813.6.1.615934327122139660235707UDP-galactose translocatorP78381B4GALT1AK2928161845356406Glucose-6-phosphatase1PW_P0004064283681309UTP--glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase1PW_P00030932810088207Nucleoside diphosphate kinase B1PW_P000207225108944231416UMP-CMP kinase1PW_P00041643831407423115262312Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase1PW_P000312331102621389794213910052419Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 11PW_P00041944117941422Lactose synthase1PW_P00042244436414453692200353120110271155143432Soluble calcium-activated nucleotidase 11PW_P0004324558212053531158643423UDP-galactose translocator1PW_P00042344657071155456927falsePW_R000927Right370012071Compoundfalse370114201Compoundtrue3702771Compoundfalse370311041Compoundtrue5134063.1.3.9827falsePW_R000827Right335412071Compoundfalse33551921Compoundtrue33561931Compoundfalse33571701Compoundtrue3763092.7.7.9402falsePW_R000402Right16524141Compoundtrue16532011Compoundfalse165410341Compoundtrue16551921Compoundfalse516207196falsePW_R000196Right8654141Compoundtrue8661941Compoundfalse86710341Compoundtrue8682011Compoundfalse523416830falsePW_R000830Both33662061Compoundfalse336712071Compoundfalse33681931Compoundfalse33695041Compoundfalse3793122.7.7.12940falsePW_R000940Right3736771Compoundtrue37372061Compoundfalse37382011Compoundtrue37391191Compoundfalse531422185falsePW_R000185Right8192011Compoundfalse82014201Compoundtrue8211941Compoundfalse82214411Compoundtrue5524323.6.1.645PW_T00004549771Compound243Right184192013-07-24T16:09:10-06:002013-07-24T16:09:10-06:005646PW_T000046502061Compound243Right511941Compound243Left194232013-07-24T17:07:11-06:002013-07-24T17:07:11-06:00562449120723false360156910regular10011024501420249false390130410regular787824517723false120089510regular10010024521104246false373103010regular44432458192281false515169410regular2001902459193281false515123210regular2001902460170245false503145010regular63432464414242false450208410regular50302465201281false515215910regular20019024661034243false450190910regular5030246742329false635197610regular100252497414242false1100177410regular50302498194281false920152910regular20019024991034243false1100193410regular50302500206281false1135123210regular2001902501120723false755113210regular100110250250423false990113210regular1001102503979429false875136210regular100252504100529false880127710regular10025251177433false2260107510regular10010025332064381false1740121210regular20019025532014381false2210168210regular2001902554119433false2105155210regular1001002555353439false2325136210regular1002525561027439false2325146710regular10025256214204349false2110184710regular787825631944381false1730148710regular200190256414414346false1850183710regular44432565353439false1955172210regular1002591036822false24512048subunitregular15070913100827false52015148subunitregular19085914108217false52519768subunitregular18085922322false94518348subunitregular15070923102626false84512878subunitregular16080927179476false14559108subunitregular150709513644397false223513728subunitregular15070952369436false223014028subunitregular1608095682432false194017428subunitregular1507096157075676false145214228subunitregular1507085840659290391086130959290691386220759290791439624673614Cofactor87041659291592287131259291692339825033682Cofactor39925043683Cofactor87541959920927898422594394495194595240625553768Cofactor40725563769Cofactor902432594394995641025653780Cofactor907423599549613587M360 1624 C314 1594 318 1414 320 1274 5false18falsefalse3588M390 1343 C326 1343 318 1314 320 1274 5false18falsefalse3589M1200 945 C1170 945 530 1031 320 1204 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false3590M373 1051.5 C311 1051.5 320 1168 320 1204 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false3602M460 1624 C520 1621 613 1633 615 1599 5false183603M615 1694 C613 1644 616 1628 615 1599 5false18trueM 772.9903810567666 1226.5 L 760 1234 L 772.9903810567666 1241.5false3604M615 1422 C615 1472 615 1469 615 1514 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false3605M566 1471.5 C631 1473.5 613 1501 615 1514 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false3610M500 2099 C557 2098 615 2099 615 2061 5false18falsefalse3611M615 2159 C615 2129 615 2091 615 2061 5false183612M500 1924 C533 1924 616 1930 615 1976 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false3613M615 1884 C615 1914 615 1946 615 1976 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false3614M625 1416.5 L625 1466.5 L675 1416.5 z10true183674M1100 1789 C1070 1789 1020 1801 1020 1834 5false183675M1020 1719 C1020 1758 1020 1793 1020 1834 5false183676M1100 1949 C1073 1949 1022 1927 1020 1904 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false3677M715 2254 C947 2242 1025 2168 1020 1904 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false3678M715 1327 C783 1327 815 1327 845 1327 5false18trueM 707.9903810567666 719.5 L 695 727 L 707.9903810567666 734.5false3679M805 1242 C805 1272 815 1327 845 1327 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false3680M1135 1327 C1080 1327 1035 1327 1005 1327 5false18trueM 1152.0096189432334 634.5 L 1165 627 L 1152.0096189432334 619.5false3681M1040 1242 C1040 1278 1035 1327 1005 1327 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false3682M1000 612 L1000 662 L1050 612 z10true183683M900 1057 L900 1107 L950 1057 z10true183694M1300 945 C1330 945 1425 945 1455 945 83false183695M2260 1125 C2114 1115 1915 993 1605 945 83false18trueM 2041.5303022610808 1057.3994513241585 L 2055 1064 L 2053.9813939627347 1049.0346252388774false3764M2310 1175 C2310 1205 2310 1342 2310 1372 5false183765M1940 1307 C2234 1301 2312 1332 2310 1372 5false183766M2310 1682 C2310 1652 2310 1512 2310 1482 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false3767M2205 1602 C2240 1602 2314 1580 2310 1482 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false3768M1885 1277 L1885 1327 L1935 1277 z10true183769M1885 1277 L1885 1327 L1935 1277 z10true183776M2210 1777 C2180 1777 2120 1777 2090 1777 5false183777M2149 1847 C2149 1824 2120 1777 2090 1777 5false183778M1830 1677 C1842 1732 1910 1777 1940 1777 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false3779M1872 1837 C1875 1796 1910 1777 1940 1777 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false3780M2125 1532 L2125 1582 L2175 1532 z10true183795M1335 1327 C1368 1414 1450 1422 1527 1422 83false183796M1740 1307 C1719 1361 1725 1423 1527 1422 83false18trueM 1662.0096189432334 1134.5 L 1675 1127 L 1662.0096189432334 1119.5false3797M1120 1624 C1217 1538 1270 1490 1527 1492 83false18trueM 1347.9903810567666 1431.5 L 1335 1439 L 1347.9903810567666 1446.5false3798M1730 1582 C1707 1543 1672 1496 1527 1492 83false18749599272269724493587Left269824503588Left269924513589Right270024523590Right693513858754598272270924493602Left271024583603Left271124593604Right271224603605Right696376861756594022271724643610Left271824653611Left271924663612Right272024583613Right697516862775591962277924973674Left278024983675Left278124993676Right278224653677Right705523870776598302278325003678Left278425013679Left278524593680Right278625023681Right7063798718005994043285125113764Left285225333765Left285325533766Right285425543767Right7315318988035918543285925533776Left286025623777Left286125633778Right286225643779Right73555290271455914924513694Left15025113695Right188751873465915325003795Left15425333796Right15524983797Left15625633798Right2090719119664705350.90.902328036012514317955150.80.802202902601261421485301.01.002192803711872129055151.31.30214327267181M1532 893 C1532 1348 1533 1777 1533 2135 146false61.01242.0808M70 580 C70 530 120 480 170 480 C866 480 1772 480 2468 480 C2518 480 2568 530 2568 580 C2568 1110 2568 1800 2568 2330 C2568 2380 2518 2430 2468 2430 C1772 2430 866 2430 170 2430 C120 2430 70 2380 70 2330 C70 1800 70 1110 70 580 1true62498.01950.0370059M327 941 C329 1036 329 1696 328 1782 91false61.0841.017715Endoplasmic reticulum135920201.01.01601517815Mammary Ligand1470160201.01.01601517915Golgi apparatus1840595201.01.01601570515Extracellular Space55385201.01.01601570615Intarcellular Space150515201.01.01601570715Golgi Lumen1845910201.01.0160155918826521448888251021404#FFE6CC4106212526316602911437426192478442605210418072860469213493648317854#FFEEDE4349849