65
Pathway
Riboflavin Metabolism
Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is an important part of the enzyme cofactors FAD (flavin-adenine dinucleotide) and FMN (flavin mononucleotide). The name "riboflavin" actually comes from "ribose" and "flavin". Like the other B vitamins, riboflavin is needed for the breaking down and processing of ketone bodies, lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins. Riboflavin is found in many different foods, such as meats and vegetables.As the digestion process occurs, many different flavoproteins that come from food are broken down and riboflavin is reabsorbed. The reverse reaction is mediated by acid phosphatase 6. FMN can be turned into to FAD via FAD synthetase, while the reverse reaction is mediated by nucleotide pyrophosphatase. FAD and FMN are essential hydrogen carriers and are involved in over 100 redox reactions that take part in energy metabolism.
Metabolic
PW000035
Center
PathwayVisualizationContext35
2250
2350
#000099
PathwayVisualization45
65
Riboflavin Metabolism
Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is an important part of the enzyme cofactors FAD (flavin-adenine dinucleotide) and FMN (flavin mononucleotide). The name "riboflavin" actually comes from "ribose" and "flavin". Like the other B vitamins, riboflavin is needed for the breaking down and processing of ketone bodies, lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins. Riboflavin is found in many different foods, such as meats and vegetables.As the digestion process occurs, many different flavoproteins that come from food are broken down and riboflavin is reabsorbed. The reverse reaction is mediated by acid phosphatase 6. FMN can be turned into to FAD via FAD synthetase, while the reverse reaction is mediated by nucleotide pyrophosphatase. FAD and FMN are essential hydrogen carriers and are involved in over 100 redox reactions that take part in energy metabolism.
Metabolic
1
65
Intestinal Microflora
SubPathway
126
1973
Compound
8
66
Intestinal Microflora
SubPathway
127
165
Compound
8
869
Intestinal Microflora
SubPathway
1393
1957
Compound
8
152
Lehninger, A.L. Lehninger principles of biochemistry (4th ed.) (2005). New York: W.H Freeman.
65
Pathway
153
Salway, J.G. Metabolism at a glance (3rd ed.) (2004). Alden, Mass.: Blackwell Pub.
65
Pathway
279628
20858216
Henriques BJ, Olsen RK, Bross P, Gomes CM: Emerging roles for riboflavin in functional rescue of mitochondrial beta-oxidation flavoenzymes. Curr Med Chem. 2010;17(32):3842-54.
65
Pathway
1
Cell
CL:0000000
2
Platelet
CL:0000233
5
Hepatocyte
CL:0000182
4
Cardiomyocyte
CL:0000746
3
Neuron
CL:0000540
7
Epithelial Cell
CL:0000066
8
Beta cell
CL:0000639
6
Myocyte
CL:0000187
1
Homo sapiens
9606
Eukaryote
Human
2
Bacteria
2
Prokaryote
Bacteria
12
Mus musculus
10090
Eukaryote
Mouse
5
Bos taurus
9913
Eukaryote
Cattle
17
Rattus norvegicus
10116
Eukaryote
Rat
10
Drosophila melanogaster
7227
Eukaryote
Fruit fly
6
Caenorhabditis elegans
6239
Eukaryote
Roundworm
3
Escherichia coli
562
Prokaryote
24
Solanum lycopersicum
4081
Eukaryote
Tomato
18
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
4932
Eukaryote
Yeast
4
Arabidopsis thaliana
3702
Eukaryote
Thale cress
49
Bathymodiolus platifrons
220390
Eukaryote
Deep sea mussel
23
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
287
Prokaryote
19
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
4896
Eukaryote
21
Xenopus laevis
8355
Eukaryote
African clawed frog
25
Escherichia coli (strain K12)
83333
Prokaryote
60
Nitzschia sp.
0001
Eukaryote
Nitzschia4
51
Picea sitchensis
3332
Eukaryote
Sitka spruce
29
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain ATCC 204508 / S288c)
559292
Eukaryote
Baker's yeast
18
Melanosome Membrane
GO:0033162
14
Mitochondrial Outer Membrane
GO:0005741
2
Mitochondrion
GO:0005739
7
Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane
GO:0005789
6
Lysosome
GO:0005764
4
Peroxisome
GO:0005777
13
Endoplasmic Reticulum
GO:0005783
5
Cytoplasm
GO:0005737
10
Cell Membrane
GO:0005886
16
Lysosomal Lumen
GO:0043202
1
Cytosol
GO:0005829
11
Extracellular Space
GO:0005615
3
Mitochondrial Matrix
GO:0005759
24
Mitochondrial Intermembrane Space
GO:0005758
35
Chloroplast
GO:0009507
36
Membrane
GO:0016020
12
Mitochondrial Inner Membrane
GO:0005743
25
Golgi Apparatus
GO:0005794
20
Endoplasmic Reticulum Lumen
GO:0005788
21
Synapse
GO:0045202
15
Nucleus
GO:0005634
31
Periplasmic Space
GO:0005620
53
Endoplasmic Reticulum Body
GO:0010168
34
Plant-Type Vacuole
GO:0000325
40
Periplasm
GO:0042597
32
Inner Membrane
GO:0070258
39
Mitochondrial membrane
GO:0031966
19
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
GO:0016529
27
Peroxisome Membrane
GO:0005778
26
Golgi Apparatus Membrane
GO:0000139
57
Melanosome
GO:0042470
1
Liver
BTO:0000759
72
9
2
Endothelium
BTO:0000393
4
Adrenal Medulla
BTO:0000049
71
8
25
Intestine
BTO:0000648
28
Stomach
BTO:0001307
155
26
7
Nervous System
BTO:0001484
8
Blood Vessel
BTO:0001102
74
11
11
Heart
BTO:0000562
73
10
6
Kidney
BTO:0000671
71
8
3
Sympathetic Nervous System
BTO:0001832
5
cardiocyte
BTO:0001539
18
Pancreas
BTO:0000988
9
Muscle
BTO:0000887
141
18
33
18
1
1
PW_BS000033
22
14
1
1
PW_BS000022
3
2
1
1
PW_BS000003
95
1
7
2
1
PW_BS000095
112
2
12
1
PW_BS000112
329
14
12
1
PW_BS000028
343
18
12
1
PW_BS000028
407
2
5
1
PW_BS000115
415
18
5
1
PW_BS000115
382
14
5
1
PW_BS000100
119
2
17
1
PW_BS000119
451
18
17
1
PW_BS000115
399
14
17
1
PW_BS000113
481
2
10
1
PW_BS000115
206
2
6
1
PW_BS000024
504
18
6
1
PW_BS000115
9
6
1
1
PW_BS000009
5
4
1
1
PW_BS000005
16
2
1
2
PW_BS000016
18
13
1
1
PW_BS000018
8
5
1
1
PW_BS000008
14
10
1
PW_BS000014
28
1
16
1
1
PW_BS000028
10
1
7
1
1
PW_BS000010
31
1
5
1
1
PW_BS000031
20
4
1
1
1
PW_BS000020
15
11
1
PW_BS000015
4
3
1
1
PW_BS000004
2
1
1
1
PW_BS000002
49
7
1
1
PW_BS000049
24
4
10
1
1
PW_BS000024
29
1
1
1
PW_BS000029
42
24
1
1
PW_BS000042
13
1
2
1
PW_BS000013
123
1
7
5
1
PW_BS000123
125
13
5
1
PW_BS000125
126
6
5
1
PW_BS000126
127
1
16
5
1
PW_BS000127
108
1
3
PW_BS000108
147
1
24
1
PW_BS000147
159
24
PW_BS000159
188
1
18
PW_BS000024
163
2
18
1
PW_BS000163
160
1
18
1
PW_BS000160
213
7
18
1
PW_BS000024
210
13
18
1
PW_BS000024
212
1
7
18
1
PW_BS000024
151
1
4
1
PW_BS000151
216
4
18
1
PW_BS000024
198
5
18
1
PW_BS000024
215
6
18
1
PW_BS000024
211
10
18
PW_BS000024
225
35
4
1
PW_BS000024
164
4
PW_BS000164
286
36
4
1
PW_BS000024
226
4
4
1
PW_BS000024
249
13
4
1
PW_BS000024
291
6
49
1
PW_BS000024
292
4
49
1
PW_BS000024
298
1
7
10
1
PW_BS000024
300
13
10
1
PW_BS000024
301
6
10
1
PW_BS000024
302
1
16
10
1
PW_BS000024
223
12
4
1
PW_BS000024
17
12
1
1
PW_BS000017
315
1
23
PW_BS000024
293
4
1
PW_BS000024
294
11
4
1
PW_BS000024
134
12
12
1
PW_BS000134
111
5
12
1
PW_BS000111
130
13
12
1
PW_BS000130
331
7
12
1
PW_BS000028
332
1
7
12
1
PW_BS000028
113
6
12
1
PW_BS000113
115
10
12
PW_BS000115
334
4
12
1
PW_BS000028
336
1
12
1
PW_BS000028
337
1
16
12
1
PW_BS000028
129
1
5
12
1
PW_BS000129
341
4
1
12
1
PW_BS000028
114
11
12
PW_BS000114
133
3
12
1
PW_BS000133
132
1
12
1
PW_BS000132
345
24
12
1
PW_BS000028
360
4
10
12
1
PW_BS000028
408
4
5
1
PW_BS000115
122
5
5
1
PW_BS000122
405
10
5
PW_BS000115
414
1
5
5
1
PW_BS000115
409
11
5
PW_BS000115
406
3
5
1
PW_BS000115
124
1
5
1
PW_BS000124
383
7
5
1
PW_BS000100
434
4
10
5
1
PW_BS000115
429
1
5
1
PW_BS000115
418
24
5
1
PW_BS000115
384
12
5
1
PW_BS000100
374
4
17
1
PW_BS000053
443
6
17
1
PW_BS000115
135
5
17
1
PW_BS000135
376
10
17
PW_BS000053
447
1
7
17
1
PW_BS000115
136
13
17
1
PW_BS000136
448
1
16
17
1
PW_BS000115
450
1
5
17
1
PW_BS000115
137
11
17
PW_BS000137
120
3
17
1
PW_BS000120
118
1
17
1
PW_BS000118
398
7
17
1
PW_BS000113
469
4
10
17
1
PW_BS000115
464
1
17
1
PW_BS000115
454
24
17
1
PW_BS000115
121
12
17
1
PW_BS000121
482
4
10
1
PW_BS000115
478
10
10
PW_BS000115
483
11
10
PW_BS000115
297
5
10
1
PW_BS000024
479
3
10
1
PW_BS000115
299
1
10
1
PW_BS000024
484
14
10
1
PW_BS000115
495
7
10
1
PW_BS000115
489
24
10
1
PW_BS000115
480
12
10
1
PW_BS000115
502
4
6
1
PW_BS000115
207
6
6
1
PW_BS000024
209
10
6
PW_BS000024
208
11
6
PW_BS000024
205
5
6
1
PW_BS000024
501
3
6
1
PW_BS000115
388
1
6
1
PW_BS000112
515
4
10
6
1
PW_BS000115
389
14
6
1
PW_BS000112
395
13
6
1
PW_BS000113
390
7
6
1
PW_BS000112
506
24
6
1
PW_BS000115
391
12
6
1
PW_BS000112
54
1
3
1
5
PW_BS000054
43
25
1
1
PW_BS000043
60
25
1
PW_BS000060
46
1
1
4
PW_BS000046
70
28
5
1
1
PW_BS000070
72
5
1
3
PW_BS000072
61
25
1
7
PW_BS000061
36
1
20
1
1
PW_BS000036
37
7
21
1
3
PW_BS000037
93
25
20
1
1
PW_BS000093
27
15
1
PW_BS000027
7
1
1
PW_BS000007
97
1
5
2
1
PW_BS000097
100
5
2
1
PW_BS000100
94
3
PW_BS000094
103
3
3
1
PW_BS000103
105
11
3
PW_BS000105
110
2
3
1
PW_BS000110
6
1
3
1
PW_BS000006
140
10
3
PW_BS000140
101
5
3
1
PW_BS000101
143
1
5
19
1
PW_BS000143
146
5
19
1
PW_BS000146
107
31
3
PW_BS000107
155
3
24
1
PW_BS000155
157
2
24
1
PW_BS000157
161
3
18
1
PW_BS000161
1
1
PW_BS000001
166
1
1
PW_BS000166
178
3
21
1
PW_BS000178
180
2
21
1
PW_BS000180
152
8
4
PW_BS000152
117
1
3
1
PW_BS000117
214
25
18
1
PW_BS000024
222
3
4
1
PW_BS000024
224
2
4
1
PW_BS000024
190
11
18
PW_BS000024
170
18
PW_BS000170
162
12
18
1
PW_BS000162
26
1
1
1
5
PW_BS000026
277
1
2
18
PW_BS000024
281
1
25
1
PW_BS000024
285
10
4
1
PW_BS000024
287
53
4
1
PW_BS000024
227
34
4
1
PW_BS000024
65
11
1
PW_BS000065
290
5
49
1
PW_BS000024
308
10
1
1
PW_BS000024
318
31
23
PW_BS000024
322
1
23
1
PW_BS000024
253
5
4
1
PW_BS000024
333
1
2
12
PW_BS000028
347
1
3
12
5
PW_BS000028
352
25
12
PW_BS000028
353
25
12
7
PW_BS000028
356
25
12
1
PW_BS000028
368
3
60
1
PW_BS000028
370
2
60
1
PW_BS000028
228
36
1
PW_BS000024
232
40
3
PW_BS000024
412
1
2
5
PW_BS000115
425
1
3
5
5
PW_BS000115
419
25
5
1
PW_BS000115
436
25
5
PW_BS000115
446
1
2
17
PW_BS000115
460
1
3
17
5
PW_BS000115
455
25
17
1
PW_BS000115
471
25
17
PW_BS000115
472
25
17
7
PW_BS000115
487
18
10
1
PW_BS000115
490
25
10
1
PW_BS000115
507
25
6
1
PW_BS000115
513
1
7
6
1
PW_BS000115
790
6
11
1
PW_BS000524
834
6
1
1
1
PW_BS000549
185
3
2
1
PW_BS000024
19
3
5
1
3
PW_BS000019
109
32
3
PW_BS000109
189
32
18
PW_BS000024
317
32
23
PW_BS000024
58
1
14
1
1
PW_BS000058
102
12
3
1
PW_BS000102
156
12
24
1
PW_BS000156
179
12
21
1
PW_BS000179
358
39
12
PW_BS000028
369
12
60
1
PW_BS000028
186
12
2
1
PW_BS000024
32
1
15
1
5
PW_BS000032
89
2
PW_BS000089
104
14
3
1
PW_BS000104
199
14
18
1
PW_BS000024
891
14
2
1
PW_BS000552
21
5
1
1
4
PW_BS000021
35
5
19
1
4
PW_BS000035
47
19
1
4
PW_BS000047
71
11
1
3
PW_BS000071
66
18
5
1
8
PW_BS000066
74
1
3
PW_BS000074
51
8
1
PW_BS000051
50
9
5
1
6
PW_BS000050
39
7
1
1
3
PW_BS000039
59
27
1
1
PW_BS000059
23
15
1
1
PW_BS000023
91
8
5
1
1
PW_BS000091
217
15
18
PW_BS000024
218
15
18
1
PW_BS000024
350
1
14
12
1
PW_BS000028
128
15
12
1
PW_BS000128
351
15
12
PW_BS000028
335
27
12
1
PW_BS000028
184
1
2
1
PW_BS000024
433
1
14
5
1
PW_BS000115
410
15
5
1
PW_BS000115
422
27
5
1
PW_BS000115
435
15
5
PW_BS000115
468
1
14
17
1
PW_BS000115
444
15
17
1
PW_BS000115
375
27
17
1
PW_BS000053
470
15
17
PW_BS000115
485
15
10
1
PW_BS000115
491
27
10
1
PW_BS000115
499
15
10
PW_BS000115
516
15
6
1
PW_BS000115
508
27
6
1
PW_BS000115
517
15
6
PW_BS000115
288
14
4
1
PW_BS000024
306
35
51
1
PW_BS000024
372
10
2
PW_BS000028
56
26
1
1
PW_BS000056
241
5
29
PW_BS000024
257
15
29
1
PW_BS000024
304
1
2
PW_BS000024
313
23
PW_BS000024
1213
57
1
1
PW_BS000588
63
6
1
PW_BS000063
1632
Hydroquinone
HMDB0002434
Hydroquinone, also known as benzene-1,4-diol, is an aromatic organic compound which is a type of phenol, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2. Its chemical structure has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position. Hydroquinone is commonly used as a biomarker for benzene exposure. The presence of hydroquinone in normal individuals stems mainly from direct dietary ingestion, catabolism of tyrosine and other substrates by gut bacteria, ingestion of arbutin-containing foods, cigarette smoking, and the use of some over-the-counter medicines. Hydroquinone is a white granular solid at room temperature and pressure. The hydroxyl groups of hydroquinone are quite weakly acidic. Hydroquinone can lose an H+ from one of the hydroxyls to form a monophenolate ion or lose an H+ from both to form a diphenolate ion. Hydroquinone has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent which is soluble in water. It is a major component of most photographic developers where, with the compound Metol, it reduces silver halides to elemental silver.
123-31-9
C00530
785
17594
236-TRICHLOROHYDROQUINONE
764
OC1=CC=C(O)C=C1
C6H6O2
InChI=1S/C6H6O2/c7-5-1-2-6(8)4-3-5/h1-4,7-8H
QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
110.1106
110.036779436
FDB000885
1,4-benzenediol;1,4-dihydroxy-benzeen;1,4-dihydroxy-benzol;1,4-dihydroxybenzen;1,4-diidrobenzene;4-hydroxyphenol;Benzene-1,4-diol;Benzohydroquinone;Benzoquinol;Dihydroquinone;Dihydroxybenzene;Hydrochinon;Hydrochinone;Hydroquinol;Hydroquinole;Hydroquinone;Hydroquinone for synthesis;Hydroquinone gr;Hydroquinoue;Idrochinone;Melanex;Phiaquin;Quinol;Solaquin forte;A-hydroquinone;Alpha-hydroquinone;B-quinol;Beta-quinol;P-benzenediol;P-dihydroxybenzene;P-dioxobenzene;P-dioxybenzene;P-hydroquinone;P-hydroxybenzene;P-hydroxyphenol;1,4-dihydroxybenzene;Eldoquin
PW_C001632
Quinol
1183
33
4623
22
4901
3
5894
95
78032
112
78053
329
78804
343
120759
407
120882
415
121416
382
123356
119
123458
451
123975
399
125791
481
127246
206
127304
504
1065
Oxygen
HMDB0001377
Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium and the most abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust. Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.9% of the volume of air. All major classes of structural molecules in living organisms, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, contain oxygen, as do the major inorganic compounds that comprise animal shells, teeth, and bone. Oxygen in the form of O2 is produced from water by cyanobacteria, algae and plants during photosynthesis and is used in cellular respiration for all living organisms. Green algae and cyanobacteria in marine environments provide about 70% of the free oxygen produced on earth and the rest is produced by terrestrial plants. Oxygen is used in mitochondria to help generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during oxidative phosphorylation. For animals, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable for cardiac viability and function. To meet this demand, an adult human, at rest, inhales 1.8 to 2.4 grams of oxygen per minute. This amounts to more than 6 billion tonnes of oxygen inhaled by humanity per year. At a resting pulse rate, the heart consumes approximately 8-15 ml O2/min/100 g tissue. This is significantly more than that consumed by the brain (approximately 3 ml O2/min/100 g tissue) and can increase to more than 70 ml O2/min/100 g myocardial tissue during vigorous exercise. As a general rule, mammalian heart muscle cannot produce enough energy under anaerobic conditions to maintain essential cellular processes; thus, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable to sustain cardiac function and viability. However, the role of oxygen and oxygen-associated processes in living systems is complex, and they and can be either beneficial or contribute to cardiac dysfunction and death (through reactive oxygen species). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a family of oxygen-derived free radicals that are produced in mammalian cells under normal and pathologic conditions. Many ROS, such as the superoxide anion (O2-)and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), act within blood vessels, altering mechanisms mediating mechanical signal transduction and autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. Reactive oxygen species are believed to be involved in cellular signaling in blood vessels in both normal and pathologic states. The major pathway for the production of ROS is by way of the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to form an oxygen radical, the superoxide anion (O2-). Within the vasculature there are several enzymatic sources of O2-, including xanthine oxidase, the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and nitric oxide (NO) synthases. Studies in recent years, however, suggest that the major contributor to O2- levels in vascular cells is the membrane-bound enzyme NADPH-oxidase. Produced O2- can react with other radicals, such as NO, or spontaneously dismutate to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In cells, the latter reaction is an important pathway for normal O2- breakdown and is usually catalyzed by the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD). Once formed, H2O2 can undergo various reactions, both enzymatic and nonenzymatic. The antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase act to limit ROS accumulation within cells by breaking down H2O2 to H2O. Metabolism of H2O2 can also produce other, more damaging ROS. For example, the endogenous enzyme myeloperoxidase uses H2O2 as a substrate to form the highly reactive compound hypochlorous acid. Alternatively, H2O2 can undergo Fenton or Haber-Weiss chemistry, reacting with Fe2+/Fe3+ ions to form toxic hydroxyl radicals (-.OH). (PMID: 17027622, 15765131).
7782-44-7
C00007
977
15379
CPD-6641
952
O=O
O2
InChI=1S/O2/c1-2
MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
31.9988
31.989829244
FDB022589
Dioxygen;Molecular oxygen;O2;Oxygen;Oxygen molecule;[oo];Dioxygene;Disauerstoff;E 948;E-948;E948
PW_C001065
O2
95
9
110
5
245
16
500
18
505
8
549
14
625
28
638
3
649
10
674
31
688
20
754
15
763
4
769
33
836
2
1375
49
2016
24
2531
22
2803
29
4260
42
4747
13
5467
123
5480
125
5493
126
5508
127
5809
108
5973
147
6129
159
7006
188
7032
163
7050
160
7319
213
7533
210
7560
212
8395
151
11816
216
11864
198
11883
215
11894
211
12057
225
12063
164
12247
286
12279
226
12325
249
12706
291
12716
292
13004
298
13016
300
13026
301
13038
302
13260
223
42276
17
42657
315
76910
293
77044
294
77214
134
77350
111
77363
130
77377
331
77395
332
77497
113
77512
115
77537
334
77626
336
77723
337
77736
112
77747
129
77756
341
77805
114
77812
133
78070
329
78151
132
78381
345
78805
343
79111
360
120047
408
120383
122
120426
405
120542
407
120553
414
120594
409
120601
406
120883
415
121045
124
121104
383
121605
434
121656
429
122117
382
122573
418
122689
384
122798
374
122822
443
123027
135
123060
376
123128
447
123139
136
123163
448
123176
119
123187
450
123219
137
123226
120
123459
451
123609
118
123669
398
124163
469
124214
464
124669
399
125145
454
125275
121
125425
482
125706
478
125731
483
125737
297
125740
479
125884
481
126100
299
126272
484
126522
495
126721
489
126825
480
126964
502
126986
207
127198
209
127214
208
127219
205
127222
501
127305
504
127345
206
127557
388
127574
515
127835
389
128081
395
128095
390
128312
506
128432
391
1860
Quinone
HMDB0003364
Quinone is also called 1,4-benzoquinone or cyclohexadienedione. Quinones are oxidized derivatives of aromatic compounds and are often readily made from reactive aromatic compounds with electron-donating substituents such as phenols and catechols, which increase the nucleophilicity of the ring and contributes to the large redox potential needed to break aromaticity. Derivatives of quinones are common constituents of biologically relevant molecules. Some serve as electron acceptors in electron transport chains such as those in photosynthesis (plastoquinone, phylloquinone), and aerobic respiration (ubiquinone). Quinone is a common constituent of biologically relevant molecules (e.g. Vitamin K1 is phylloquinone). A natural example of quinones as oxidizing agents is the spray of bombardier beetles. Hydroquinone is reacted with hydrogen peroxide to produce a fiery blast of steam, a strong deterent in the animal world.
106-51-4
C00472
4650
16509
CPD-8130
4489
O=C1C=CC(=O)C=C1
C6H4O2
InChI=1S/C6H4O2/c7-5-1-2-6(8)4-3-5/h1-4H
AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
108.0948
108.021129372
FDB005755
1,4-benzoquine;1,4-benzoquinone;1,4-cyclohexadiene dioxide;1,4-cyclohexadienedione;1,4-diossibenzene;1,4-dioxy-benzol;1,4-dioxybenzene;2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione;2,5-cyclohexadiene-1-4-dione;Benzo-1,4-quinone;Benzo-chinon;Benzoquinone;Benzoquinone [un2587];Chinon;Chinone;Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione;Cyclohexadienedione;Eldoquin;Para-benzoquinone;Para-quinone;Quinone1,4-benzoquinone;Semiquinone anion;Semiquinone radicals;P-benzoquinone;P-chinon;P-quinone;1,4-benzochinon;Quinone
PW_C001860
Quinone
1184
33
2707
2
3835
14
4622
22
4900
3
5891
95
78031
112
78051
329
78728
132
78806
343
120758
407
120884
415
121414
382
122203
124
123355
119
123460
451
123973
399
124755
118
125790
481
126365
299
127245
206
127306
504
127928
388
1420
Water
HMDB0002111
Water is a chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life. It appears colorless to the naked eye in small quantities, though it is actually slightly blue in color. It covers 71% of Earth's surface. Current estimates suggest that there are 1.4 billion cubic kilometers (330 million m3) of it available on Earth, and it exists in many forms. It appears mostly in the oceans (saltwater) and polar ice caps, but it is also present as clouds, rain water, rivers, freshwater aquifers, lakes, and sea ice. Water in these bodies perpetually moves through a cycle of evaporation, precipitation, and runoff to the sea. Clean water is essential to human life. In many parts of the world, it is in short supply. From a biological standpoint, water has many distinct properties that are critical for the proliferation of life that set it apart from other substances. It carries out this role by allowing organic compounds to react in ways that ultimately allow replication. All known forms of life depend on water. Water is vital both as a solvent in which many of the body's solutes dissolve and as an essential part of many metabolic processes within the body. Metabolism is the sum total of anabolism and catabolism. In anabolism, water is removed from molecules (through energy requiring enzymatic chemical reactions) in order to grow larger molecules (e.g. starches, triglycerides and proteins for storage of fuels and information). In catabolism, water is used to break bonds in order to generate smaller molecules (e.g. glucose, fatty acids and amino acids to be used for fuels for energy use or other purposes). Water is thus essential and central to these metabolic processes. Water is also central to photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthetic cells use the sun's energy to split off water's hydrogen from oxygen. Hydrogen is combined with CO2 (absorbed from air or water) to form glucose and release oxygen. All living cells use such fuels and oxidize the hydrogen and carbon to capture the sun's energy and reform water and CO2 in the process (cellular respiration). Water is also central to acid-base neutrality and enzyme function. An acid, a hydrogen ion (H+, that is, a proton) donor, can be neutralized by a base, a proton acceptor such as hydroxide ion (OH-) to form water. Water is considered to be neutral, with a pH (the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration) of 7. Acids have pH values less than 7 while bases have values greater than 7. Stomach acid (HCl) is useful to digestion. However, its corrosive effect on the esophagus during reflux can temporarily be neutralized by ingestion of a base such as aluminum hydroxide to produce the neutral molecules water and the salt aluminum chloride. Human biochemistry that involves enzymes usually performs optimally around a biologically neutral pH of 7.4. (Wikipedia).
7732-18-5
C00001
962
15377
937
O
H2O
InChI=1S/H2O/h1H2
XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
18.0153
18.010564686
FDB013390
Dihydrogen oxide;Steam;[oh2];Acqua;Agua;Aqua;Bound water;Dihydridooxygen;Eau;H2o;Hoh;Hydrogen hydroxide;Wasser
PW_C001420
H2O
55
8
94
9
109
5
139
4
151
3
162
14
481
13
526
15
624
28
652
10
691
20
770
33
823
18
838
2
1094
31
1377
49
1465
54
1590
43
2018
24
2532
22
2678
60
2727
46
2778
17
2805
29
3143
70
3164
72
3634
61
4598
36
4727
37
4941
93
5030
27
5156
7
5195
97
5214
100
5227
94
5236
103
5297
105
5319
111
5343
113
5355
112
5402
110
5470
123
5483
125
5492
126
5507
127
5534
130
5537
114
5541
129
5591
135
5608
118
5622
108
5691
6
5759
140
5778
101
5841
143
5853
146
5877
107
5890
95
5910
147
5940
151
6032
155
6059
157
6087
161
6123
163
6133
159
6215
1
6218
166
6477
178
6507
180
6600
152
6713
117
6840
188
6888
160
7162
205
7181
207
7193
206
7211
211
7228
213
7238
214
7243
215
7295
198
7350
216
7388
210
7401
212
7467
222
7492
224
7500
190
7588
170
8201
225
8237
226
8414
162
9265
26
11850
277
11922
164
12011
281
12213
285
12250
286
12264
287
12327
249
12520
227
12632
65
12693
290
12705
291
12715
292
13007
298
13019
300
13025
301
13037
302
13261
223
13327
294
15340
308
42327
315
42695
318
43691
322
76914
293
77019
253
77102
132
77131
133
77215
134
77378
331
77397
332
77471
333
77516
115
77536
334
77628
336
77722
337
77759
341
77816
343
77982
347
78071
329
78235
352
78242
353
78270
356
79113
360
80014
368
80039
370
80591
228
80656
119
93830
383
94794
384
110557
390
110639
391
115844
398
119879
232
119915
122
119963
406
120008
407
120046
408
120113
124
120365
412
120430
405
120438
409
120606
415
120794
414
121158
425
121240
429
121351
121
121381
419
121607
434
122118
382
122384
436
122753
120
122797
374
122804
443
123012
446
123064
376
123072
137
123131
447
123142
136
123162
448
123231
451
123384
450
123730
460
123810
464
123940
455
124165
469
124670
399
124938
471
124945
472
125305
297
125353
479
125386
481
125424
482
125480
299
125682
483
125707
478
125745
487
126054
490
126238
495
126273
484
126764
480
126896
501
126963
502
127017
388
127177
208
127199
209
127227
504
127506
507
127576
515
127836
389
128082
395
128176
513
140674
790
140675
834
140755
185
514
Copper
HMDB0000657
Copper is an essential nutrient to all higher plants and animals. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. In animals, it is found primarily in the bloodstream, as a cofactor in various enzymes, and in copper-based pigments. In the body, copper shifts between the cuprous (Cu1+) and cupric (Cu2+) forms, though the majority of the body's copper is in the Cu2+ form. The ability of copper to easily accept and donate electrons explains its important role in oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions and in scavenging free radicals. Copper is a critical functional component of a number of essential enzymes known as cuproenzymes. For instance, the copper-dependent enzyme, cytochrome c oxidase, plays a critical role in cellular energy production. By catalyzing the reduction of molecular oxygen (O2) to water (H2O), cytochrome c oxidase generates an electrical gradient used by the mitochondria to create the vital energy-storing molecule, ATP. Another cuproenzyme, lysyl oxidase, is required for the cross-linking of collagen and elastin, which are essential for the formation of strong and flexible connective tissue. Another cuproeznyme, Monoamine oxidase (MAO), plays a role in the metabolism of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine. MAO also functions in the degradation of the neurotransmitter serotonin, which is the basis for the use of MAO inhibitors as antidepressants. One of the most important cuproenzymes is Superoxide dismutase (SOD). SOD functions as an antioxidant by catalyzing the conversion of superoxide radicals (free radicals or ROS) to hydrogen peroxide, which can subsequently be reduced to water by other antioxidant enzymes. Two forms of SOD contain copper: 1) copper/zinc SOD is found within most cells of the body, including red blood cells, and 2) extracellular SOD is a copper-containing enzyme found at high levels in the lungs and low levels in blood plasma. In sufficient amounts, copper can be poisonous or even fatal to organisms. Copper is normally bound to cuproenzymes (such as SOD, MOA) and is thus only toxic when unsequestered and unmediated. It is believed that zinc and copper compete for absorption in the digestive tract so that a diet that is excessive in one of these minerals may result in a deficiency in the other. An imbalance of zinc and copper status might be involved in human hypertension.
15158-11-9
C00070
27099
29036
CUCL2
25221
[Cu++]
Cu
InChI=1S/Cu/q+2
JPVYNHNXODAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N
63.546
62.929601079
FDB003582
Copper;Cu;Copper (ii) ion;Copper(ii) cation;Copper, ion (cu2+);Cu(ii);Cu2+;Cu(2+);Cupric ion
PW_C000514
Cu
408
19
552
14
702
20
756
15
761
8
771
33
2011
2
2019
24
6587
109
7009
189
42791
317
77049
294
77599
115
77770
341
77807
114
77811
111
77817
343
78153
132
79114
360
79246
293
120464
405
120596
409
120599
122
120607
415
121048
124
121608
434
123098
376
123221
137
123224
135
123232
451
123612
118
124166
469
125710
478
125733
483
125738
297
125746
487
127202
209
127216
208
127220
205
127228
504
127577
515
127588
388
1973
6,7-Dimethyl-8-(1-D-ribityl)lumazine
HMDB0003826
6,7-Dimethyl-8-(1-D-ribityl)lumazine is an intermediate in riboflavin metabolism. 6,7-Dimethyl-8-(1-D-ribityl)lumazine is the second to last step in the synthesis of ribitol and is converted from 4-(1-D-ribitylamino)-5-amino-2,6-dihydroxypyrimidine via the enzyme riboflavin synthase beta chain. It is then. converted to riboflavin via the enzyme riboflavin synthase alpha chain (EC:2.5.1.9).
5118-16-1
C04332
672
17601
DIMETHYL-D-RIBITYL-LUMAZINE
652
CC1=C(C)N(CC(O)C(O)C(O)CO)C2=NC(=O)NC(=O)C2=N1
C13H18N4O6
InChI=1S/C13H18N4O6/c1-5-6(2)17(3-7(19)10(21)8(20)4-18)11-9(14-5)12(22)16-13(23)15-11/h7-8,10,18-21H,3-4H2,1-2H3,(H,16,22,23)
SXDXRJZUAJBNFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
326.3052
326.122634328
FDB023230
1-deoxy-1-(3,4-dihydro-6,7-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-8(2h)-pteridinyl)-ribitol;1-deoxy-1-[6,7-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropteridin-8(2h)-yl]-d-ribitol;6,7-dimethyl-8-(1'-d-ribityl)lumazine;6,7-dimethyl-8-(1-d-ribityl)lumazine;6,7-dimethyl-8-[(2s,3s,4r)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentyl]pteridine-2,4-dione;6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine;Dmdrl
PW_C001973
DMDRL
1186
8
76960
225
78807
111
120886
122
123462
135
127308
205
2109
7-Hydroxy-6-methyl-8-ribityl lumazine
HMDB0004256
7-Hydroxy-6-methyl-8-ribityl lumazine, also known as masuda's compound V or RL-6-me-7-OH, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pteridines and derivatives. These are polycyclic aromatic compounds containing a pteridine moiety, which consists of a pyrimidine fused to a pyrazine ring to form pyrimido(4,5-b)pyrazine. 7-Hydroxy-6-methyl-8-ribityl lumazine is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). In humans, 7-hydroxy-6-methyl-8-ribityl lumazine is involved in the riboflavin metabolism pathway. 7-Hydroxy-6-methyl-8-ribityl lumazine is an intermediate in Riboflavin metabolism. it is converted from 6,7-Dimethyl-8-(1-D-ribityl)lumazine.
2184-54-5
C05995
27581
20100757
CC1=C(O)N(C[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO)C2=NC(=O)NC(=O)C2=N1
C12H16N4O7
InChI=1S/C12H16N4O7/c1-4-11(22)16(2-5(18)8(20)6(19)3-17)9-7(13-4)10(21)15-12(23)14-9/h5-6,8,17-20,22H,2-3H2,1H3,(H,15,21,23)/t5-,6+,8-/m0/s1
COXMGTTXHPRZBO-BBVRLYRLSA-N
328.278
328.101898886
FDB023352
Crm;1-deoxy-1-(3,4-dihydro-7-hydroxy-6-methyl-2,4-dioxo-8(2h)-pteridinyl)-d-ribitol;7-hydroxy-6-methyl-8-d-ribityllumazine;7-hydroxy-6-methyl-8-ribityl lumazine;Masuda's compound v;Rl-6-me-7-oh
PW_C002109
Crm
1187
8
78808
111
120887
122
123463
135
127309
205
964
FAD
HMDB0001248
FAD, also known as flavitan or adeflavin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavin nucleotides. These are nucleotides containing a flavin moiety. Flavin is a compound that contains the tricyclic isoalloxazine ring system, which bears 2 oxo groups at the 2- and 4-positions. FAD is a drug which is used to treat eye diseases caused by vitamin b2 deficiency, such as keratitis and blepharitis. FAD is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). FAD has been found in human liver and muscle tissues, and has also been detected in multiple biofluids, such as feces and blood. Within the cell, FAD is primarily located in the cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and peroxisome. FAD exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, FAD is involved in the risedronate action pathway, the ibandronate action pathway, the valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation pathway, and the pyrimidine metabolism pathway. FAD is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include the oncogenic action OF L-2-hydroxyglutarate in hydroxygluaricaciduria pathway, gaba-transaminase deficiency, 4-hydroxybutyric aciduria/succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency, and the saccharopinuria/hyperlysinemia II pathway. FAD is a condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972).
146-14-5
C00016
643975
16238
FAD
559059
DB03147
CC1=CC2=C(C=C1C)N(C[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1O)N1C=NC3=C1N=CN=C3N)C1=NC(=O)NC(=O)C1=N2
C27H33N9O15P2
InChI=1S/C27H33N9O15P2/c1-10-3-12-13(4-11(10)2)35(24-18(32-12)25(42)34-27(43)33-24)5-14(37)19(39)15(38)6-48-52(44,45)51-53(46,47)49-7-16-20(40)21(41)26(50-16)36-9-31-17-22(28)29-8-30-23(17)36/h3-4,8-9,14-16,19-21,26,37-41H,5-7H2,1-2H3,(H,44,45)(H,46,47)(H2,28,29,30)(H,34,42,43)/t14-,15+,16+,19-,20+,21+,26+/m0/s1
VWWQXMAJTJZDQX-UYBVJOGSSA-N
785.5497
785.157134455
FDB022511
1h-purin-6-amine flavin dinucleotide;1h-purin-6-amine flavine dinucleotide;Adenine-flavin dinucleotide;Adenine-flavine dinucleotide;Adenine-riboflavin dinuceotide;Adenine-riboflavin dinucleotide;Adenine-riboflavine dinucleotide;Fad;Flamitajin b;Flanin f;Flavin adenine dinucleotide;Flavin adenine dinucleotide oxidized;Flavin-adenine dinucleotide;Flavine adenosine diphosphate;Flavine-adenine dinucleotide;Flavitan;Flaziren;Isoalloxazine-adenine dinucleotide;Riboflavin 5'-adenosine diphosphate;Riboflavin-adenine dinucleotide;Riboflavine-adenine dinucleotide;Adeflavin
PW_C000964
FAD
99
9
114
5
186
8
192
3
216
4
253
17
628
28
825
18
840
2
1188
14
1489
42
1612
29
1622
49
2133
58
2536
22
3723
26
4602
36
4688
31
4741
13
4758
10
4881
6
5268
103
5285
102
5335
111
5496
126
5511
127
5613
118
6030
155
6054
156
6082
161
6116
162
6390
1
6475
178
6499
179
6666
107
7039
163
7175
205
7321
213
7465
222
7487
223
9076
224
11818
216
11887
215
11899
211
12296
225
12328
249
12443
151
12519
227
12595
226
12710
291
12720
292
13029
301
13041
302
43623
318
77080
293
77126
133
77152
134
77501
113
77507
112
77518
115
77541
334
77615
132
77726
337
78054
329
78375
345
78930
331
79222
336
79272
358
80012
368
80034
369
80714
119
119958
406
119999
384
120051
408
120107
407
120432
405
120453
122
120490
124
121278
429
121298
418
121417
382
121489
383
122748
120
122776
121
122802
374
122823
443
123066
376
123087
135
123166
448
123849
464
123868
454
123976
399
124047
398
125348
479
125378
480
125429
482
125474
481
125697
297
125979
489
126107
299
126277
484
126891
501
126920
391
126968
502
126987
207
127011
206
127310
209
127432
506
127602
388
127840
389
140790
185
140799
186
32
Adenosine monophosphate
HMDB0000045
Adenosine monophosphate, also known as 5'-adenylic acid and abbreviated AMP, is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside adenosine. AMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. AMP can be produced during ATP synthesis by the enzyme adenylate kinase. AMP has recently been approved as a 'Bitter Blocker' additive to foodstuffs. When AMP is added to bitter foods or foods with a bitter aftertaste it makes them seem 'sweeter'. This potentially makes lower calorie food products more palatable.
61-19-8
C00020
6083
16027
AMP
5858
DB00131
NC1=C2N=CN([C@@H]3O[C@H](COP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]3O)C2=NC=N1
C10H14N5O7P
InChI=1S/C10H14N5O7P/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(17)6(16)4(22-10)1-21-23(18,19)20/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1
UDMBCSSLTHHNCD-KQYNXXCUSA-N
347.2212
347.063084339
DBMET00485
FDB021806
5'-amp;5'-adenosine monophosphate;5'-adenylate;5'-adenylic acid;Amp;Adenosine 5'-monophosphate;Adenosine 5'-phosphate;Adenosine 5'-phosphorate;Adenosine 5'-phosphoric acid;Adenosine phosphate;Adenosine-5'-monophosphorate;Adenosine-5'-monophosphoric acid;Adenosine-5-monophosphorate;Adenosine-5-monophosphoric acid;Adenosine-monophosphate;Adenosine-phosphate;Adenovite;Adenylate;Adenylic acid;Cardiomone;Lycedan;Muscle adenylate;Muscle adenylic acid;My-b-den;My-beta-den;Phosaden;Phosphaden;Phosphentaside;5'-o-phosphonoadenosine;Adenosine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate);Adenosine monophosphate;Adenosine-5'p;Adenosini phosphas;Ado5'p;Fosfato de adenosina;Pa;Pado;Phosphate d'adenosine;5'-adenosine monophosphoric acid;Adenosine phosphoric acid;Adenosine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphoric acid);Adenosine 5'-monophosphoric acid;Adenosine monophosphoric acid;Adenosine-5'-monophosphate;Phosphoric acid d'adenosine
PW_C000032
AMP
11
2
34
4
62
8
270
16
734
32
881
22
1189
14
4572
5
4867
54
5033
89
5251
104
5408
117
5423
103
5432
118
5457
120
5558
132
5583
133
5779
101
5795
108
6977
199
7072
188
11789
198
11868
161
11988
151
12003
222
12580
226
12636
31
12694
290
13331
225
42266
3
42646
315
77234
329
77325
111
78392
334
78809
115
79320
112
80399
1
80684
135
80900
7
119916
122
120016
124
120031
406
120246
382
120888
405
121954
408
122920
399
123464
376
124507
374
125306
297
125394
299
125409
479
125596
484
126853
205
126934
388
126949
501
127124
389
127311
209
127711
502
140771
891
1170
Flavin Mononucleotide
HMDB0001520
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN), or riboflavin-5?-phosphate, is a biomolecule produced from riboflavin (vitamin B2) by the enzyme riboflavin kinase and functions as prosthetic group of various oxidoreductases including NADH dehydrogenase as well as cofactor in biological blue-light photo receptors. During the catalytic cycle, the reversible interconversion of oxidized (FMN), semiquinone (FMNH) and reduced (FMNH2) forms occurs in the various oxidoreductases. FMN is a stronger oxidizing agent than NAD and is particularly useful because it can take part in both one- and two-electron transfers. Flavin mononucleotide is also used as an orange-red food colour additive. It is the principal form in which riboflavin is found in cells and tissues.
146-17-8
C00061
643976
17621
FMN
559060
DB03247
CC1=CC2=C(C=C1C)N(C[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)COP(O)(O)=O)C1=NC(=O)NC(=O)C1=N2
C17H21N4O9P
InChI=1S/C17H21N4O9P/c1-7-3-9-10(4-8(7)2)21(15-13(18-9)16(25)20-17(26)19-15)5-11(22)14(24)12(23)6-30-31(27,28)29/h3-4,11-12,14,22-24H,5-6H2,1-2H3,(H,20,25,26)(H2,27,28,29)/t11-,12+,14-/m0/s1
FVTCRASFADXXNN-SCRDCRAPSA-N
456.3438
456.104614802
FDB001984
Fmn;Flanin;Flavine mononucleotide;Flavol;Riboflavin;Riboflavin 5'-monophosphate;Riboflavin 5'-phosphate;Riboflavin mononucleotide;Riboflavin monophosphate;Riboflavin phosphate;Riboflavin-5'-phosphate na;Riboflavin-5-phosphate;Riboflavine 5'-monophosphate;Riboflavine 5'-phosphate;Riboflavine dihydrogen phosphate;Riboflavine monophosphate;Riboflavine phosphate;Riboflavine-5'-phosphate;Vitamin b2 phosphate;Flavin mononucleotide;Riboflavin 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate)
PW_C001170
FlvnMnt
539
8
1190
14
1692
2
4961
31
5772
101
11900
211
12313
225
77519
115
77590
111
78730
132
120433
405
120454
122
121929
124
123067
376
123088
135
124482
118
125698
297
126104
299
127190
205
127312
209
127686
388
140703
49
353
Calcium
HMDB0000464
Calcium is essential for the normal growth and maintenance of bones and teeth, and calcium requirements must be met throughout life. Requirements are greatest during periods of growth, such as childhood, during pregnancy and when breast-feeding. Long-term calcium deficiency can lead to osteoporosis, in which the bone deteriorates and there is an increased risk of fractures. Adults need between 1,000 and 1,300 mg of calcium in their daily diet. Calcium is essential for living organisms, particularly in cell physiology, and is the most common metal in many animals. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. Calcium combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. Calcium is an important component of a healthy diet. A deficit can affect bone and tooth formation, while overretention can cause kidney stones. Vitamin D is needed to absorb calcium. Dairy products, such as milk and cheese, are a well-known source of calcium. However, some individuals are allergic to dairy products and even more people, particularly those of non-European descent, are lactose-intolerant, leaving them unable to consume dairy products. Fortunately, many other good sources of calcium exist. These include: seaweeds such as kelp, wakame and hijiki; nuts and seeds (like almonds and sesame); beans; amaranth; collard greens; okra; rutabaga; broccoli; kale; and fortified products such as orange juice and soy milk. Calcium has also been found to assist in the production of lymphatic fluids.
14127-61-8
C00076
271
29108
CA%2b2
266
DB01373
[Ca++]
Ca
InChI=1S/Ca/q+2
BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
40.078
39.962591155
FDB003513
Ca;Calcium element;Ca(2+);Ca2+;Calcium ion;Calcium, doubly charged positive ion
PW_C000353
Ca2+
276
16
303
8
553
14
601
2
941
15
993
21
997
35
1046
3
1163
46
1164
47
1478
49
1491
42
1552
43
2116
58
2138
17
2796
18
2937
9
3159
71
3160
72
3942
29
4186
66
4782
10
4822
28
5340
111
5780
101
7179
205
7232
211
7258
160
7281
190
11774
213
11837
198
11842
210
12198
164
12215
285
15288
151
15350
308
69336
1
77389
331
77600
115
78154
132
78266
356
78526
345
78724
130
78908
114
80413
74
80589
228
81826
51
120220
122
120465
405
121049
124
121300
418
121377
419
121850
383
121923
125
122370
409
122895
135
123099
376
123613
118
123870
454
123936
455
124403
398
124476
136
124924
137
125571
297
125711
478
125981
489
126009
299
126050
490
126533
495
127203
209
127434
506
127460
388
127502
507
128105
390
140676
790
140677
834
140695
50
414
Adenosine triphosphate
HMDB0000538
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
56-65-5
C00002
5957
15422
ATP
5742
DB00171
NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O
C10H16N5O13P3
InChI=1S/C10H16N5O13P3/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(17)6(16)4(26-10)1-25-30(21,22)28-31(23,24)27-29(18,19)20/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H,21,22)(H,23,24)(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1
ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA-KQYNXXCUSA-N
507.181
506.995745159
FDB021813
5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate) adenosine;5'-atp;Atp;Adenosine 5'-triphosphate;Adenosine 5'-triphosphorate;Adenosine 5'-triphosphoric acid;Adenosine triphosphate;Adenylpyrophosphorate;Adenylpyrophosphoric acid;Adephos;Adetol;Adynol;Atipi;Atriphos;Cardenosine;Fosfobion;Glucobasin;Myotriphos;Phosphobion;Striadyne;Triadenyl;Triphosphaden;Triphosphoric acid adenosine ester;Adenosine-5'-triphosphate;H4atp;Adenosine triphosphoric acid;Adenosine-5'-triphosphoric acid
PW_C000414
ATP
9
2
21
4
60
8
266
16
414
22
478
13
733
32
799
5
934
39
976
3
2105
18
2112
10
2146
49
2156
14
2160
58
2405
59
2434
27
2726
46
2812
29
3029
66
3163
72
3616
61
3617
51
4399
23
4474
31
4768
91
4864
54
5032
89
5035
26
5155
7
5205
97
5215
100
5250
104
5291
101
5313
111
5346
112
5390
103
5406
117
5430
118
5443
120
5542
129
5556
132
5569
133
5603
135
5621
108
5846
143
5854
146
5876
107
5897
147
5924
151
6048
155
6109
161
6230
166
6493
178
6839
188
6870
160
6976
199
7157
205
7184
206
7209
210
7225
213
7229
211
7298
198
7302
216
7390
217
7408
218
7432
163
7481
222
7499
190
8186
225
11847
277
11903
170
12010
281
12039
164
12178
285
12578
226
12691
290
13264
223
15327
308
42326
315
42621
322
42694
318
77028
253
77218
134
77233
329
77468
333
77632
336
78037
332
78041
350
78168
128
78214
351
78240
353
78411
335
78494
115
78850
130
78865
331
78919
334
80028
368
80046
184
80674
119
85629
1
94826
124
113234
94
113282
388
116280
109
119914
122
119992
406
120154
407
120245
382
120362
412
121246
429
121392
123
121397
433
121471
408
121974
410
122065
125
122079
383
122083
405
122402
422
122444
435
122919
399
123009
446
123816
464
123951
447
123956
468
124029
374
124527
444
124616
136
124630
398
124634
376
124943
472
124972
375
125011
470
125304
297
125371
479
125392
299
125515
481
125595
484
126123
485
126220
300
126234
495
126240
478
126547
491
126596
499
126913
501
127123
389
127731
516
127781
395
127796
390
127801
209
128119
508
128167
517
140770
891
170
Pyrophosphate
HMDB0000250
The anion, the salts, and the esters of pyrophosphoric acid are called pyrophosphates. The pyrophosphate anion is abbreviated PPi and is formed by the hydrolysis of ATP into AMP in cells. This hydrolysis is called pyrophosphorolysis. The pyrophosphate anion has the structure P2O74-, and is an acid anhydride of phosphate. It is unstable in aqueous solution and rapidly hydrolyzes into inorganic phosphate. Pyrophosphate is an osteotoxin (arrests bone development) and an arthritogen (promotes arthritis). It is also a metabotoxin (an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health affects at chronically high levels). Chronically high levels of pyrophosphate are associated with hypophosphatasia. Hypophosphatasia (also called deficiency of alkaline phosphatase or phosphoethanolaminuria) is a rare, and sometimes fatal, metabolic bone disease. Hypophosphatasia is associated with a molecular defect in the gene encoding tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP). TNSALP is an enzyme that is tethered to the outer surface of osteoblasts and chondrocytes. TNSALP hydrolyzes several substances, including inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), a major form of vitamin B6. When TSNALP is low, inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) accumulates outside of cells and inhibits the formation of hydroxyapatite, one of the main components of bone, causing rickets in infants and children and osteomalacia (soft bones) in adults. Vitamin B6 must be dephosphorylated by TNSALP before it can cross the cell membrane. Vitamin B6 deficiency in the brain impairs synthesis of neurotransmitters which can cause seizures. In some cases, a build-up of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals in the joints can cause pseudogout.
14000-31-8
C00013
644102
18361
PPI
559142
DB04160
OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O
H4O7P2
InChI=1S/H4O7P2/c1-8(2,3)7-9(4,5)6/h(H2,1,2,3)(H2,4,5,6)
XPPKVPWEQAFLFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
177.9751
177.943225506
FDB021918
(4-)diphosphoric acid ion;(p2o74-)diphosphate;Diphosphate;Diphosphoric acid;Ppi;Pyrometaphosphate;Pyrophosphate;Pyrophosphate tetraanion;Pyrophosphate(4-) ion;[o3popo3](4-);Diphosphat;P2o7(4-);Pyrophosphat;Pyrophosphate ion;Phosphonato phosphoric acid;Pyrophosphoric acid;Pyrophosphoric acid ion
PW_C000170
Ppi
12
2
35
4
63
8
429
23
735
32
882
22
1217
3
1620
49
2410
59
2815
29
4175
14
4868
54
5034
89
5252
104
5294
101
5409
117
5424
103
5433
118
5458
120
5548
111
5559
132
5584
133
5606
135
5655
108
5879
107
6239
166
6978
199
7073
188
7134
163
7272
160
7312
198
7318
213
8275
151
8283
210
11869
161
12002
222
12041
164
12315
225
12323
249
12512
288
12579
226
12695
290
15219
306
15375
18
34760
17
42561
315
42697
318
77235
329
77317
128
77635
336
78416
335
78928
331
79153
112
79950
134
79958
130
80047
372
80417
170
85630
1
94786
384
94814
125
94819
382
98678
223
110634
391
113270
395
113275
389
115527
136
115532
399
119934
122
120017
124
120032
406
120330
410
120936
407
121261
429
121341
121
121486
383
122407
422
122985
444
123502
119
123831
464
124044
398
124977
375
125324
297
125395
299
125410
479
125597
484
125656
485
125876
481
126552
491
126869
205
126935
388
126950
501
127337
206
128124
508
140772
891
423
Magnesium
HMDB0000547
Magnesium salts are essential in nutrition, being required for the activity of many enzymes, especially those concerned with oxidative phosphorylation. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. It is a component of both intra- and extracellular fluids and is excreted in the urine and feces. Deficiency causes irritability of the nervous system with tetany, vasodilatation, convulsions, tremors, depression, and psychotic behavior. Magnesium ion in large amounts is an ionic laxative, and magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts) is sometimes used for this purpose. So-called "milk of magnesia" is a water suspension of one of the few insoluble magnesium compounds, magnesium hydroxide; the undissolved particles give rise to its appearance and name. Milk of magnesia is a mild base, and is commonly used as an antacid.
22537-22-0
C00305
888
18420
13-HYDROXY-MAGNESIUM-PROTOPORP
865
DB01378
[Mg++]
Mg
InChI=1S/Mg/q+2
JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
24.305
23.985041898
FDB003518
Magnesium;Magnesium ions;Magnesium ion;Magnesium, doubly charged positive ion;Magnesium, ion (mg(2+));Mg(2+);Mg2+
PW_C000423
Mg2+
86
8
227
4
268
16
476
2
727
26
811
5
819
18
883
22
936
39
983
3
992
21
1167
46
1483
49
1529
43
1764
14
2124
10
2411
59
2942
23
3126
29
3373
7
4540
31
4774
91
4869
54
4974
56
5253
104
5329
111
5356
112
5376
103
5906
147
5934
151
6038
155
6094
161
6250
166
6484
178
6594
164
6881
160
6979
199
7170
205
7194
206
7227
213
7233
211
7250
214
7310
216
7313
198
7473
222
11763
132
11843
210
12312
225
12324
249
12513
288
12581
226
12729
290
15275
285
15337
308
77137
133
77236
329
77937
336
78393
334
78417
335
78489
115
78522
331
78536
356
78574
130
80020
368
80045
184
80048
372
80623
118
80654
135
80865
15
80965
253
81841
51
93832
383
94900
27
108596
223
110559
390
115687
398
119974
406
120070
122
120247
382
120702
407
120981
408
121181
124
121265
429
121319
419
121924
125
122086
405
122408
422
122759
120
122921
399
123307
119
123546
374
123835
464
123889
455
124477
136
124637
376
124978
375
125447
297
125598
484
125669
479
125777
481
125921
482
125947
299
125973
495
126000
490
126243
478
126553
491
126753
300
127125
389
127164
501
127380
502
127407
388
127451
507
127804
209
128125
508
128347
395
140773
891
165
Riboflavin
HMDB0000244
Riboflavin or vitamin B2 is an easily absorbed, water-soluble micronutrient with a key role in maintaining human health. Like the other B vitamins, it supports energy production by aiding in the metabolizing of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. Vitamin B2 is also required for red blood cell formation and respiration, antibody production, and for regulating human growth and reproduction. It is essential for healthy skin, nails, hair growth and general good health, including regulating thyroid activity. Riboflavin is found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables. Riboflavin is yellow or orange-yellow in color and in addition to being used as a food coloring it is also used to fortify some foods. It can be found in baby foods, breakfast cereals, sauces, processed cheese, fruit drinks and vitamin-enriched milk products. The richest natural source is yeast. It occurs in the free form only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide.
83-88-5
C00255
493570
17015
RIBOFLAVIN
431981
DB00140
CC1=C(C)C=C2N(C[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO)C3=NC(=O)NC(=O)C3=NC2=C1
C17H20N4O6
InChI=1S/C17H20N4O6/c1-7-3-9-10(4-8(7)2)21(5-11(23)14(25)12(24)6-22)15-13(18-9)16(26)20-17(27)19-15/h3-4,11-12,14,22-25H,5-6H2,1-2H3,(H,20,26,27)/t11-,12+,14-/m0/s1
AUNGANRZJHBGPY-SCRDCRAPSA-N
376.3639
376.138284392
FDB012160
(-)-riboflavin;1-deoxy-1-(3,4-dihydro-7,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxobenzo[g]pteridin-10(2h)-yl)-d-ribitol;6,7-dimethyl-9-d-ribitylisoalloxazine;6,7-dimethyl-9-ribitylisoalloxazine;7,8-dimethyl-10-(d-ribo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentyl)-benzo[g]pteridine-2,4(3h,10h)-dione;Beflavin;Beflavine;Benzo[g]pteridine riboflavin deriv.;E 101;Flavaxin;Flavin bb;Flaxain;Food yellow 15;Hyre;Lactobene;Lactoflavin;Lactoflavine;Ribipca;Ribocrisina;Riboderm;Riboflavine;Ribosyn;Ribotone;Ribovel;Russupteridine yellow iii;San yellow b;Vitaflavine;Vitamin b2;Vitamin g;Vitasan b2;1-deoxy-1-(7,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydrobenzo[g]pteridin-10(2h)-yl)pentitol;7,8-dimethyl-10-(d-ribo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentyl)benzo[g]pteridine-2,4(3h,10h)-dione;7,8-dimethyl-10-(d-ribo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentyl)isoalloxazine;7,8-dimethyl-10-ribitylisoalloxazine;E101;Riboflavina;Riboflavinum
PW_C000165
VitB2
1193
8
76961
225
78810
111
120895
122
123467
135
127315
205
1104
Phosphate
HMDB0001429
Phosphate is a salt of phosphoric acid. In organic chemistry, a phosphate, or organophosphate, is an ester of phosphoric acid. Organic phosphates are important in biochemistry, biogeochemistry and ecology. Phosphate (Pi) is an essential component of life. In biological systems, phosphorus is found as a free phosphate ion in solution and is called inorganic phosphate, to distinguish it from phosphates bound in various phosphate esters. Inorganic phosphate is generally denoted Pi and at physiological (neutral) pH primarily consists of a mixture of HPO<sup>2-</sup><sub>4</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>PO<sup>-</sup><sub>4</sub> ions. phosphates are most commonly found in the form of adenosine phosphates, (AMP, ADP and ATP) and in DNA and RNA and can be released by the hydrolysis of ATP or ADP. Similar reactions exist for the other nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates. Phosphoanhydride bonds in ADP and ATP, or other nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates, contain high amounts of energy which give them their vital role in all living organisms. Phosphate must be actively transported into cells against its electrochemical gradient. In vertebrates, two unrelated families of Na+-dependent Pi transporters carry out this task. Remarkably, the two families transport different Pi species: whereas type II Na+/Pi cotransporters (SCL34) prefer divalent HPO4(2), type III Na+/Pi cotransporters (SLC20) transport monovalent H2PO4. The SCL34 family comprises both electrogenic and electroneutral members that are expressed in various epithelia and other polarized cells. Through regulated activity in apical membranes of the gut and kidney, they maintain body Pi homeostasis, and in salivary and mammary glands, liver, and testes they play a role in modulating the Pi content of luminal fluids. Phosphate levels in the blood play an important role in hormone signaling and in bone homeostasis. In classical endocrine regulation, low serum phosphate induces the renal production of the seco-steroid hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3).This active metabolite of vitamin D acts to restore circulating mineral (i.e. phosphate and calcium) levels by increasing absorption in the intestine, reabsorption in the kidney, and mobilization of calcium and phosphate from bone. Thus, chronic renal failure is associated with hyperparathyroidism, which in turn contributes to osteomalacia (softening of the bones). Another complication of chronic renal failure is hyperphosphatemia (low levels of phosphate in the blood). Hyperphosphatemia (excess levels of phosphate in the blood) is a prevalent condition in kidney dialysis patients and is associated with increased risk of mortality. Hypophosphatemia (hungry bone syndrome) has been associated to postoperative electrolyte aberrations and after parathyroidectomy. (PMID: 17581921, 11169009, 11039261, 9159312, 17625581)Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) has recently been recognized as a key mediator of phosphate homeostasis, its most notable effect being promotion of phosphate excretion. FGF-23 was discovered to be involved in diseases such as autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets, X-linked hypophosphatemia, and tumor-induced osteomalacia in which phosphate wasting was coupled to inappropriately low levels of 1,25(OH)2D3. FGF-23 is regulated by dietary phosphate in humans. In particular it was found that phosphate restriction decreased FGF-23, and phosphate loading increased FGF-23.
14265-44-2
C00009
1061
18367
CPD-8587
1032
OP(O)(O)=O
H3O4P
InChI=1S/H3O4P/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H3,1,2,3,4)
NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
97.9952
97.976895096
DBMET00532
FDB022617
Nfb orthophosphate;O-phosphoric acid;Ortho-phosphate;Orthophosphate (po43-);Orthophosphate(3-);Phosphate;Phosphate (po43-);Phosphate anion(3-);Phosphate ion (po43-);Phosphate ion(3-);Phosphate trianion;Phosphate(3-);Phosphoric acid ion(3-);Pi;[po4](3-);Orthophosphate;Phosphate ion;Po4(3-);Phosphoric acid;Orthophosphoric acid;Phosphoric acid ion
PW_C001104
Pi
24
4
84
8
814
5
818
18
831
2
980
3
1763
14
1767
49
2500
10
2729
47
2737
46
3129
29
3166
72
3636
61
3851
23
4249
22
4475
31
5031
27
5158
7
5207
97
5216
100
5317
111
5351
112
5381
103
5447
120
5543
129
5573
133
5605
135
5625
108
5693
6
5848
143
5855
146
5911
147
5941
151
6040
155
6100
161
6294
107
6487
178
6691
101
6714
117
6842
188
6889
160
7161
205
7189
206
7212
211
7306
198
7389
210
7402
212
7436
163
7475
222
8196
225
8258
227
10118
241
10134
257
11748
132
11761
115
11773
213
11904
170
11927
164
12014
281
12728
290
13263
223
34819
17
42255
304
42350
315
42435
318
43692
322
77018
253
77194
293
77217
134
77940
336
77966
130
78048
332
78057
329
78245
353
78669
331
80022
368
89279
308
93831
383
94796
384
110558
390
110640
391
113235
94
115845
398
116206
109
119982
406
120069
122
120699
407
121057
124
121216
125
121268
429
121352
121
121409
123
121423
382
121852
405
123304
119
123621
118
123786
136
123838
464
123968
447
123981
399
124405
376
124948
472
125362
479
125446
297
125774
481
125954
299
126221
478
126594
300
126604
298
126723
484
126904
501
127413
388
127783
209
128166
395
128177
513
128315
389
1034
Adenosine diphosphate
HMDB0001341
Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a nucleotide. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleotide adenine. ADP consists of the pyrophosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. ADP is the product of ATP dephosphorylation by ATPases. ADP is converted back to ATP by ATP synthases.
58-64-0
C00008
6022
16761
ADP
5800
NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O
C10H15N5O10P2
InChI=1S/C10H15N5O10P2/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(17)6(16)4(24-10)1-23-27(21,22)25-26(18,19)20/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H,21,22)(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1
XTWYTFMLZFPYCI-KQYNXXCUSA-N
427.2011
427.029414749
FDB021817
Adp;Adenosindiphosphorsaeure;Adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate;Adenosine diphosphate;Adenosine pyrophosphate;Adenosine-5'-diphosphate;Adenosine-5-diphosphate;Adenosine-diphosphate;5'-adenylphosphoric acid;Adenosine 5'-diphosphate;H3adp;5'-adenylphosphate;Adenosine 5'-diphosphoric acid;Adenosine-5'-diphosphoric acid
PW_C001034
ADP
23
4
134
8
415
22
482
13
801
5
963
15
978
3
1061
14
1518
2
1901
49
2104
18
2113
10
2161
58
2408
59
2435
27
2728
47
2736
46
2855
29
3165
72
3635
61
4400
23
4476
31
4770
91
5036
26
5157
7
5208
97
5217
100
5315
111
5349
112
5392
103
5446
120
5544
129
5572
133
5624
108
5741
117
5764
101
5849
143
5856
146
5878
107
5899
147
5926
151
6050
155
6111
161
6231
166
6495
178
6700
94
6841
188
6872
160
7159
205
7187
206
7208
210
7226
213
7231
211
7300
198
7303
216
7391
217
7410
218
7433
163
7483
222
8187
225
11851
277
11905
170
12013
281
12180
285
13262
223
15329
308
42328
315
42398
313
42622
322
42696
318
77029
253
77087
132
77216
134
77306
329
77472
333
77663
336
78039
332
78043
350
78170
128
78215
351
78244
353
78414
335
78495
115
78705
331
78849
130
78920
334
80030
368
80622
118
80651
135
80676
119
94827
124
113283
388
116204
109
119944
122
119994
406
120156
407
120318
382
120366
412
121248
429
121394
123
121399
433
121472
408
121899
383
121976
410
122064
125
122085
405
122405
422
122445
435
122973
399
123013
446
123818
464
123953
447
123958
468
124030
374
124452
398
124529
444
124615
136
124636
376
124947
472
124975
375
125012
470
125334
297
125373
479
125492
299
125517
481
125645
484
126125
485
126219
300
126235
495
126242
478
126550
491
126597
499
126915
501
127733
516
127780
395
127797
390
127803
209
128122
508
128168
517
128313
389
9795
Zinc
HMDB0015532
Zinc is an essential element, necessary for sustaining all life. It is a trace element in the diet, forming an essential part of many enzymes, and playing an important role in protein synthesis and in cell division. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. It is estimated that 3000 of the hundreds of thousands of proteins in the human body contain zinc prosthetic groups. In addition, there are over a dozen cell types in the human body that secrete zinc ions, and the roles of these secreted zinc signals in medicine and health are now being actively studied. Intriguingly, brain cells in the mammalian forebrain are one type of cell that secretes zinc, along with its other neuronal messenger substances. Cells in the salivary gland, prostate, immune system, and intestine are other types that secrete zinc. Obtaining a sufficient zinc intake during pregnancy and in young children is a problem, especially among those who cannot afford a good and varied diet. Zinc deficiency is associated with anemia, short stature, hypogonadism, impaired wound healing, and geophagia. Brain development is stunted by zinc deficiency in utero and in youth. Zinc is an activator of certain enzymes, such as carbonic anhydrase. Carbonic anhydrase is important in the transport of carbon dioxide in vertebrate blood. Even though zinc is an essential requirement for a healthy body, too much zinc can be harmful. Excessive absorption of zinc can also suppress copper and iron absorption. The free zinc ion in solution is highly toxic to plants, invertebrates, and even vertebrate fish. The Free Ion Activity Model (FIAM) is well-established in the literature and shows that just micromolar amounts of the free ion kill some organisms.
7440-66-6
23994
27363
22430
DB01593
[Zn++]
Zn
InChI=1S/Zn/q+2
PTFCDOFLOPIGGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
65.409
63.929146578
30zn;Cinc;Zincum;Zink;Zn;Zn(ii);Zn2+
PW_C009795
Zinc
57
8
1711
2
1904
3
2137
17
2154
49
3610
29
4083
7
4469
18
4543
14
4999
31
6689
107
6690
101
6699
108
7020
160
11758
115
12229
151
12633
65
42397
315
42399
318
77030
253
78023
132
78328
112
78811
111
120119
124
120898
122
122308
407
122852
118
123469
135
124860
119
125486
299
126474
481
127023
388
127317
205
128043
206
1957
Dimethylbenzimidazole
HMDB0003701
Dimethylbenzimidazole is an intermediate in Riboflavin metabolism. Dimethylbenzimidazole is the second to last step for the synthesis of alpha-Ribazole. It is converted from Riboflavin then it is converted to N1-(5-Phospho-alpha-D-ribosyl)-5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole via the enzyme nicotinate-nucleotide--dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.21).
582-60-5
C03114
675
15890
655
CC1=CC2=C(C=C1C)N=CN2
C9H10N2
InChI=1S/C9H10N2/c1-6-3-8-9(4-7(6)2)11-5-10-8/h3-5H,1-2H3,(H,10,11)
LJUQGASMPRMWIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
146.1891
146.08439833
FDB023216
5,6-dimethyl-1h-benzimidazole;5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole;Dimedazole;Dimesol;Dimezol (van);Dimezoldimedazol;Dimedazol;Dimethylbenzimidazole;Dimezol
PW_C001957
DMIbzol
4971
8
78812
111
120900
122
123471
135
127319
205
84
Tyrosinase
P14679
This is a copper-containing oxidase that functions in the formation of pigments such as melanins and other polyphenolic compounds. Catalyzes the rate-limiting conversions of tyrosine to DOPA, DOPA to DOPA-quinone and possibly 5,6-dihydroxyindole to indole-5,6 quinone.
HMDBP00087
TYR
11q14-q21
AF237809
1
1.14.18.1
1185
33
2020
24
2027
2
136163
415
144092
1213
149552
63
114
Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 1
P22413
Involved primarily in ATP hydrolysis at the plasma membrane. Plays a role in regulating pyrophosphate levels, and functions in bone mineralization and soft tissue calcification. In vitro, has a broad specificity, hydrolyzing other nucleoside 5' triphosphates such as GTP, CTP, TTP and UTP to their corresponding monophosphates with release of pyrophosphate and diadenosine polyphosphates, and also 3',5'-cAMP to AMP. May also be involved in the regulation of the availability of nucleotide sugars in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi, and the regulation of purinergic signaling. Appears to modulate insulin sensitivity.
HMDBP00119
ENPP1
6q22-q23
AF110288
1
3.1.4.1; 3.6.1.9
1159
8
1191
14
4573
2
2636
FAD synthase
Q8NFF5
Catalyzes the adenylation of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) to form flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) coenzyme.
HMDBP07412
FLAD1
1q21.3
AF520568
1
2.7.7.2
1192
8
92
Low molecular weight phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase
P24666
Acts on tyrosine phosphorylated proteins, low-MW aryl phosphates and natural and synthetic acyl phosphates. Isoform 3 does not possess phosphatase activity.
HMDBP00095
ACP1
2p25
U25849
1
3.1.3.48; 3.1.3.2
1194
8
996
Riboflavin kinase
Q969G6
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of riboflavin (vitamin B2) to form flavin-mononucleotide (FMN).
HMDBP01059
RFK
9q21.13
BC007069
1
2.7.1.26
1195
8
327
Tyrosinase
1
PW_P000327
348
84
1
147
514
2
320
Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 1
1
PW_P000320
339
114
2
142
423
2
2364
14
328
FAD synthase
1
PW_P000328
349
2636
1
148
423
1
329
Low molecular weight phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase
1
PW_P000329
350
92
1
330
Riboflavin kinase
1
PW_P000330
351
996
1
149
9795
1
547
false
PW_R000547
Right
2287
1632
2
Compound
false
2288
1065
1
Compound
true
2289
1860
2
Compound
false
2290
1420
2
Compound
true
398
327
1.14.18.1
845
true
PW_R000845
Right
3426
1860
1
Compound
false
3427
1973
1
Compound
false
3428
2109
1
Compound
false
3429
1632
1
Compound
false
246
false
PW_R000246
Right
1055
964
1
Compound
true
1056
1420
1
Compound
true
1057
32
1
Compound
true
1058
1170
1
Compound
false
399
320
846
false
PW_R000846
Right
3430
414
1
Compound
true
3431
1170
1
Compound
false
3432
964
1
Compound
false
3433
170
1
Compound
true
400
328
2.7.7.2
479
false
PW_R000479
Right
1992
1170
1
Compound
false
1993
1420
1
Compound
true
1994
165
1
Compound
false
1995
1104
1
Compound
true
401
329
500
false
PW_R000500
Right
2092
414
1
Compound
true
2093
165
1
Compound
false
2094
1034
1
Compound
true
2095
1170
1
Compound
false
402
330
2.7.1.26
2332
PW_R002332
Right
8902
165
1
Compound
false
8903
1957
1
Compound
false
1923
1632
33
81
false
615
885
10
regular
200
190
1924
1065
33
65
false
466
1036
10
regular
78
78
1925
1860
33
81
false
617
555
10
regular
200
190
1926
1420
33
49
false
467
485
10
regular
78
78
1927
514
33
9
false
455
760
20
regular
100
25
1928
1973
8
81
false
1052
530
10
regular
200
200
1929
2109
8
81
false
1050
900
10
regular
200
200
1930
964
14
82
false
240
1270
10
regular
300
280
1931
1420
14
49
false
535
1645
10
regular
78
78
1932
32
14
44
false
905
1680
10
regular
50
30
1933
1170
14
81
false
970
1315
10
regular
200
190
1934
353
14
9
false
705
1770
10
regular
100
25
1935
414
8
42
false
875
1310
10
regular
50
30
1936
170
8
45
false
573
1300
10
regular
63
43
1937
423
8
9
false
702
1360
10
regular
100
25
1938
1420
8
49
false
1265
1240
10
regular
78
78
1939
165
8
81
false
1900
1318
10
regular
200
190
1940
1104
8
46
false
1593
1271
10
regular
44
43
1941
414
8
42
false
1590
1508
10
regular
50
30
1942
1034
8
43
false
1295
1505
10
regular
50
30
1943
9795
8
9
false
1415
1478
10
regular
100
25
11255
1957
8
81
false
1560
1563
10
regular
200
190
739
84
33
2
false
430
765
8
subunit
regular
150
70
740
114
14
6
false
675
1775
8
subunit
regular
160
80
741
2636
8
2
false
677
1375
8
subunit
regular
150
70
742
92
8
2
false
1390
1335
8
subunit
regular
150
70
743
996
8
2
false
1390
1418
8
subunit
regular
150
70
690
327
45
33
732
739
293
1927
2789
Cofactor
691
320
45
14
733
740
294
1934
2799
Cofactor
692
328
45
8
734
741
295
1937
2804
Cofactor
693
329
45
8
735
742
694
330
45
8
736
743
296
1943
2813
Cofactor
2785
M615 980 C539 980 505 865 505 835
5
false
18
2786
M505 1036 C505 1006 505 865 505 835
5
false
18
2787
M617 650 C549 650 505 735 505 765
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
2788
M506 563 C506 593 505 735 505 765
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
2789
M-50 200 L-50 250 L0 200 z
10
true
18
2790
M817 650 C883 650 918 738 918 790
5
false
18
2791
M1052 630 C968 630 918 723 918 790
5
false
18
2792
M1050 1000 C973 1000 914 874 918 791
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
2793
M815 980 C882 980 918 847 918 790
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
2794
M1152 530 C1152 500 1152 355 1152 325
5
false
18
true
M 1304.5 907.0096189432334 L 1312 920 L 1319.5 907.0096189432334
false
2795
M390 1550 C389 1741 481 1815 675 1815
5
false
18
2796
M574 1723 C571 1768 594 1814 675 1815
5
false
18
2797
M930 1710 C928 1776 892 1817 830 1810
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
2798
M1070 1505 C1070 1702 998 1814 835 1815
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
2799
M-50 200 L-50 250 L0 200 z
10
true
18
2800
M900 1340 C900 1376 857 1410 827 1410
5
false
18
2801
M970 1410 C940 1410 857 1410 827 1410
5
false
18
2802
M540 1410 C570 1410 647 1410 677 1410
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
2803
M604.5 1343 C604.5 1384 647 1410 677 1410
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
2804
M-50 200 L-50 250 L0 200 z
10
true
18
2805
M1170 1369 C1200 1369 1360 1370 1390 1370
5
false
18
2806
M1304 1318 C1304 1353 1334 1370 1390 1370
5
false
18
2807
M1899 1369 C1869 1369 1570 1370 1540 1370
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
2808
M1615 1314 C1615 1345 1599 1370 1540 1370
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
2809
M1615 1508 C1615 1470 1585 1453 1540 1453
5
false
18
2810
M1901 1451 C1871 1451 1570 1453 1540 1453
5
false
18
2811
M1320 1505 C1320 1468 1343 1453 1390 1453
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
2812
M1174 1453 C1204 1453 1360 1453 1390 1453
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
2813
M-50 200 L-50 250 L0 200 z
10
true
18
2814
M2000 1508 C2000 1538 2000 1885 2000 1915
5
false
18
true
M 2227.5 2225.9903810567666 L 2220 2213 L 2212.5 2225.9903810567666
false
17575
M2000 1508 C2000 1538 1916 1476 1940 1493
5
true
18
17576
M1660 1563 C1663 1470 1806 1450 1900 1452
5
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
17577
M1660 1753 C1660 1783 1660 1885 1660 1915
5
false
18
true
M 2002.5 1780.0096189432334 L 2010 1793 L 2017.5 1780.0096189432334
false
561
45
547
33
2072
1923
2785
Left
2073
1924
2786
Left
2074
1925
2787
Right
2075
1926
2788
Right
537
398
690
562
45
845
8
2076
1925
2790
Left
2077
1928
2791
Left
2078
1929
2792
Right
2079
1923
2793
Right
563
45
246
14
2080
1930
2795
Left
2081
1931
2796
Left
2082
1932
2797
Right
2083
1933
2798
Right
538
399
691
564
45
846
8
2084
1935
2800
Left
2085
1933
2801
Left
2086
1930
2802
Right
2087
1936
2803
Right
539
400
692
565
45
479
8
2088
1933
2805
Left
2089
1938
2806
Left
2090
1939
2807
Right
2091
1940
2808
Right
540
401
693
566
45
500
8
2092
1941
2809
Left
2093
1939
2810
Left
2094
1942
2811
Right
2095
1933
2812
Right
541
402
694
3241
45
2332
8
10664
1939
17575
Left
10665
11255
17576
Right
102
65
45
86
false
1002
95
16
regular
68
1928
2794
Right
103
66
45
86
false
1850
1915
16
regular
69
1939
2814
Right
963
869
45
86
false
1510
1915
16
regular
897
11255
17577
Left
187446
1321
470
1.6
1.6
0
2
90
484
497
479803
295
745
1.6
1.6
0
2
17
150
65
610
M123 476 C123 426 173 376 223 376 C800 376 1550 376 2127 376 C2177 376 2227 426 2227 476 C2227 854 2227 1345 2227 1723 C2227 1773 2177 1823 2127 1823 C1550 1823 800 1823 223 1823 C173 1823 123 1773 123 1723 C123 1345 123 854 123 476
1
true
6
2104.0
1447.0
134
235
Melanosome
255
705
20
1.0
1.0
200
15
898
235
Intracellular Space
215
440
20
1.0
1.0
200
15
899
235
Extracellular Space
275
265
20
1.0
1.0
200
15